$E_T^e$ distributions of electron candidate events, background contributions, and sum of backgrounds and $W \rightarrow e\nu$ MC signal in the BEMC region for $-0.5 < \eta_e < 0$.

$E_T^e$ distributions of electron candidate events, background contributions, and sum of backgrounds and $W \rightarrow e\nu$ MC signal in the BEMC region for $0 < \eta_e < 0.5$.

$E_T^e$ distributions of electron candidate events, background contributions, and sum of backgrounds and $W \rightarrow e\nu$ MC signal in the BEMC region for $0.5 < \eta_e < 1.1$.

$E_T^e$ distributions of positron candidate events, background contributions, and sum of backgrounds and $W \rightarrow e\nu$ MC signal in the BEMC region for $-1.1 < \eta_e < -0.5$.

$E_T^e$ distributions of positron candidate events, background contributions, and sum of backgrounds and $W \rightarrow e\nu$ MC signal in the BEMC region for $-0.5 < \eta_e < 0$.

$E_T^e$ distributions of positron candidate events, background contributions, and sum of backgrounds and $W \rightarrow e\nu$ MC signal in the BEMC region for $0 < \eta_e < 0.5$.

$E_T^e$ distributions of positron candidate events, background contributions, and sum of backgrounds and $W \rightarrow e\nu$ MC signal in the BEMC region for $0.5 < \eta_e < 1.1$.

Signed $p_{T}$-balance distributions for electron candidate events, background contributions, and sum of backgrounds and $W \rightarrow e\nu$ MC signal in the EEMC region.

Signed $p_{T}$-balance distributions for positron candidate events, background contributions, and sum of backgrounds and $W \rightarrow e\nu$ MC signal in the EEMC region.

Longitudinal single-spin asymmetries, $A_L$, for $W^+$ production as a function of the positron pseudorapidity, $\eta_e$ for the STAR 2011+2012 data samples for 25 $< E_T^e <$ 50 GeV.

Longitudinal single-spin asymmetries, $A_L$, for $W^-$ production as a function of the electron pseudorapidity, $\eta_e$ for the STAR 2011+2012 data samples for 25 $< E_T^e <$ 50 GeV.

Longitudinal single-spin asymmetries, $A_L$, for $W^+$ production as a function of the positron pseudorapidity, $\eta_e$ for the STAR 2013 data samples for 25 $< E_T^e <$ 50 GeV.

Longitudinal single-spin asymmetries, $A_L$, for $W^-$ production as a function of the electron pseudorapidity, $\eta_e$ for the STAR 2013 data samples for 25 $< E_T^e <$ 50 GeV.

Longitudinal single-spin asymmetries, $A_L$, for $W^+$ production as a function of the lepton pseudorapidity, $\eta_e$ for the combined 2011+2012 and 2013 STAR data samples for 25 $< E_T^e <$ 50 GeV.

Longitudinal single-spin asymmetries, $A_L$, for $W^-$ production as a function of the lepton pseudorapidity, $\eta_e$ for the combined 2011+2012 and 2013 STAR data samples for 25 $< E_T^e <$ 50 GeV.

The difference of the light sea-quark polarizations $x(\Delta \bar{u} - \Delta \bar{d})$ as a function of $x$ at a scale $Q^2$ = 10 (GeV/c)$^2$. The table shows original NNPDFpol1.1 results, and NNPDFpol1.1rw presents the corresponding distribution after the 2013 $W$ data are included by reweighting.

'Transverse spin transfer of $\Lambda$ in transversely polarized proton-proton collisions at 200 GeV.'

'Transverse spin transfer of $\bar{\Lambda}$ in transversely polarized proton-proton collisions at 200 GeV.'

'Transverse spin transfer $\Lambda$ in transversely polarized proton-proton collisions at 200 GeV.'

'Transverse spin transfer of $\bar{\Lambda}$ in transversely polarized proton-proton collisions at 200 GeV.'

Spin transfer $D_{LL}$ for positive and negative $\eta$ versus $p_T$ for JP1 and L2JetHigh triggered data samples, together with results previously published in [Phys.Rev. D80 (2009) 111102 (R)].

Spin transfer $D_{LL}$ for positive and negative $\eta$ versus $p_T$ for JP1 and L2JetHigh triggered data samples, together with results previously published in [Phys.Rev. D80 (2009) 111102 (R)]. Results updated with $\alpha_{\Lambda (\bar{\Lambda})} = 0.732$.

Spin transfer $D_{LL}$ for positive $\eta$ versus $p_T$.

Spin transfer $D_{LL}$ for positive $\eta$ versus $p_T$. Results updated with $\alpha_{\Lambda (\bar{\Lambda})} = 0.732$

The centrality dependence of e+e− invariant mass spectra within the STAR acceptance from Au+Au collisions and U+U collisions for pair pT < 0.15 GeV/c. The vertical bars on data points depict the statistical uncertainties, while the systematic uncertainties are shown as gray boxes. The hadronic cocktail yields from U+U collisions are ∼5%–12% higher than those from Au+Au collisions in given centrality bins; thus only cocktails for Au+Au collisions are shown here as solid lines, with shaded bands representing the systematic uncertainties for clarity.

The centrality dependence of e+e− invariant mass spectra within the STAR acceptance from Au+Au collisions and U+U collisions for pair pT < 0.15 GeV/c. The vertical bars on data points depict the statistical uncertainties, while the systematic uncertainties are shown as gray boxes. The hadronic cocktail yields from U+U collisions are ∼5%–12% higher than those from Au+Au collisions in given centrality bins; thus only cocktails for Au+Au collisions are shown here as solid lines, with shaded bands representing the systematic uncertainties for clarity.

The centrality dependence of e+e− invariant mass spectra within the STAR acceptance from Au+Au collisions and U+U collisions for pair pT < 0.15 GeV/c. The vertical bars on data points depict the statistical uncertainties, while the systematic uncertainties are shown as gray boxes. The hadronic cocktail yields from U+U collisions are ∼5%–12% higher than those from Au+Au collisions in given centrality bins; thus only cocktails for Au+Au collisions are shown here as solid lines, with shaded bands representing the systematic uncertainties for clarity.

The corresponding ratios of data over cocktail for Figure 1.

The corresponding ratios of data over cocktail for Figure 1.

The corresponding ratios of data over cocktail for Figure 1.

The corresponding ratios of data over cocktail for Figure 1.

The corresponding ratios of data over cocktail for Figure 1.

The corresponding ratios of data over cocktail for Figure 1.

The e+e− pair pT distributions within the STAR acceptance for different mass regions in 60%–80% Au+Au and U+U collisions compared to cocktails. The systematic uncertainties of the data are shown as gray boxes. The gray bands depict the systematic uncertainties of the cocktails.

The e+e− pair pT distributions within the STAR acceptance for different mass regions in 60%–80% Au+Au and U+U collisions compared to cocktails. The systematic uncertainties of the data are shown as gray boxes. The gray bands depict the systematic uncertainties of the cocktails.

The e+e− pair pT distributions within the STAR acceptance for different mass regions in 60%–80% Au+Au and U+U collisions compared to cocktails. The systematic uncertainties of the data are shown as gray boxes. The gray bands depict the systematic uncertainties of the cocktails.

The e+e− pair pT distributions within the STAR acceptance for different mass regions in 60%–80% Au+Au and U+U collisions compared to cocktails. The systematic uncertainties of the data are shown as gray boxes. The gray bands depict the systematic uncertainties of the cocktails.

The e+e− pair pT distributions within the STAR acceptance for different mass regions in 60%–80% Au+Au and U+U collisions compared to cocktails. The systematic uncertainties of the data are shown as gray boxes. The gray bands depict the systematic uncertainties of the cocktails.

The e+e− pair pT distributions within the STAR acceptance for different mass regions in 60%–80% Au+Au and U+U collisions compared to cocktails. The systematic uncertainties of the data are shown as gray boxes. The gray bands depict the systematic uncertainties of the cocktails.

The low-pT (pT < 0.15 GeV/c) e+e− excess mass spectra (data − cocktail) within the STAR acceptance in 60%–80% for Au + Au and U + U collisions, compared with a broadened rho meson model calculation [8]. The contributions of rho and phi from the photonuclear process are shown, as are the contributions of photon-photon process from two models [33,34]. The model calculations are for Au + Au collisions in the corresponding centrality bins.

The low-pT (pT < 0.15 GeV/c) e+e− excess mass spectra (data − cocktail) within the STAR acceptance in 60%–80% for Au + Au and U + U collisions, compared with a broadened rho meson model calculation [8]. The contributions of rho and phi from the photonuclear process are shown, as are the contributions of photon-photon process from two models [33,34]. The model calculations are for Au + Au collisions in the corresponding centrality bins.

The low-pT (pT < 0.15 GeV/c) e+e− excess mass spectra (data − cocktail) within the STAR acceptance in 40%–60% for Au + Au and U + U collisions, compared with a broadened rho meson model calculation [8]. The contributions of rho and phi from the photonuclear process are shown, as are the contributions of photon-photon process from two models [33,34]. The model calculations are for Au + Au collisions in the corresponding centrality bins.

The low-pT (pT < 0.15 GeV/c) e+e− excess mass spectra (data − cocktail) within the STAR acceptance in 40%–60% for Au + Au and U + U collisions, compared with a broadened rho meson model calculation [8]. The contributions of rho and phi from the photonuclear process are shown, as are the contributions of photon-photon process from two models [33,34]. The model calculations are for Au + Au collisions in the corresponding centrality bins.

The centrality dependence of integrated excess yields in the mass regions of 0.4–0.76, 0.76–1.2, and 1.2–2.6 GeV=c2 in Au + Au and U + U collisions. The centrality dependence of hadronic cocktail yields in the mass region of 0.76–1.2 GeV/c2 in both collisions is also shown for comparison. The systematic uncertainties are shown as gray boxes.

The centrality dependence of integrated excess yields in the mass regions of 0.4–0.76, 0.76–1.2, and 1.2–2.6 GeV=c2 in Au + Au and U + U collisions. The centrality dependence of hadronic cocktail yields in the mass region of 0.76–1.2 GeV/c2 in both collisions is also shown for comparison. The systematic uncertainties are shown as gray boxes.

The centrality dependence of integrated excess yields in the mass regions of 0.4–0.76, 0.76–1.2, and 1.2–2.6 GeV=c2 in Au + Au and U + U collisions. The centrality dependence of hadronic cocktail yields in the mass region of 0.76–1.2 GeV/c2 in both collisions is also shown for comparison. The systematic uncertainties are shown as gray boxes.

The centrality dependence of integrated excess yields in the mass regions of 0.4–0.76, 0.76–1.2, and 1.2–2.6 GeV=c2 in Au + Au and U + U collisions. The centrality dependence of hadronic cocktail yields in the mass region of 0.76–1.2 GeV/c2 in both collisions is also shown for comparison. The systematic uncertainties are shown as gray boxes.

The centrality dependence of integrated excess yields in the mass regions of 0.4–0.76, 0.76–1.2, and 1.2–2.6 GeV=c2 in Au + Au and U + U collisions. The centrality dependence of hadronic cocktail yields in the mass region of 0.76–1.2 GeV/c2 in both collisions is also shown for comparison. The systematic uncertainties are shown as gray boxes.

The centrality dependence of integrated excess yields in the mass regions of 0.4–0.76, 0.76–1.2, and 1.2–2.6 GeV/c2 in Au + Au and U + U collisions. The centrality dependence of hadronic cocktail yields in the mass region of 0.76–1.2 GeV/c2 in both collisions is also shown for comparison. The systematic uncertainties are shown as gray boxes.

The p2T distributions of excess yields within the STAR acceptance in the mass regions of 0.4–0.76 GeV/c2 in 60%–80% Au + Au and U + U collisions. The systematic uncertainties are shown as gray boxes. The solid and dotted lines are exponential fits to the data in Au + Au and U + U collisions, respectively. The dot-dashed and dot-dot- dashed lines represent the p2T distributions for the photon-photon process from two models [33,34] within the STAR acceptance in 60%–80% Au + Au collisions. The dashed lines illustrate the corresponding p2T distributions for e+e− pairs from the model [33] traversing 1 fm in a constant magnetic field of 10^14 T perpendicular to the beam line.

The p2T distributions of excess yields within the STAR acceptance in the mass regions of 0.4–0.76 GeV/c2 in 60%–80% Au + Au and U + U collisions. The systematic uncertainties are shown as gray boxes. The solid and dotted lines are exponential fits to the data in Au + Au and U + U collisions, respectively. The dot-dashed and dot-dot- dashed lines represent the p2T distributions for the photon-photon process from two models [33,34] within the STAR acceptance in 60%–80% Au + Au collisions. The dashed lines illustrate the corresponding p2T distributions for e+e− pairs from the model [33] traversing 1 fm in a constant magnetic field of 10^14 T perpendicular to the beam line.

The p2T distributions of excess yields within the STAR acceptance in the mass regions of 0.76–1.2 GeV/c2 in 60%–80% Au + Au and U + U collisions. The systematic uncertainties are shown as gray boxes. The solid and dotted lines are exponential fits to the data in Au + Au and U + U collisions, respectively. The dot-dashed and dot-dot- dashed lines represent the p2T distributions for the photon-photon process from two models [33,34] within the STAR acceptance in 60%–80% Au + Au collisions. The dashed lines illustrate the corresponding p2T distributions for e+e− pairs from the model [33] traversing 1 fm in a constant magnetic field of 10^14 T perpendicular to the beam line.

The p2T distributions of excess yields within the STAR acceptance in the mass regions of 0.76–1.2 GeV/c2 in 60%–80% Au + Au and U + U collisions. The systematic uncertainties are shown as gray boxes. The solid and dotted lines are exponential fits to the data in Au + Au and U + U collisions, respectively. The dot-dashed and dot-dot- dashed lines represent the p2T distributions for the photon-photon process from two models [33,34] within the STAR acceptance in 60%–80% Au + Au collisions. The dashed lines illustrate the corresponding p2T distributions for e+e− pairs from the model [33] traversing 1 fm in a constant magnetic field of 10^14 T perpendicular to the beam line.

The p2T distributions of excess yields within the STAR acceptance in the mass regions of 1.2–2.6 GeV/c2 in 60%–80% Au + Au and U + U collisions. The systematic uncertainties are shown as gray boxes. The solid and dotted lines are exponential fits to the data in Au + Au and U + U collisions, respectively. The dot-dashed and dot-dot- dashed lines represent the p2T distributions for the photon-photon process from two models [33,34] within the STAR acceptance in 60%–80% Au + Au collisions. The dashed lines illustrate the corresponding p2T distributions for e+e− pairs from the model [33] traversing 1 fm in a constant magnetic field of 10^14 T perpendicular to the beam line.

The p2T distributions of excess yields within the STAR acceptance in the mass regions of 1.2–2.6 GeV/c2 in 60%–80% Au + Au and U + U collisions. The systematic uncertainties are shown as gray boxes. The solid and dotted lines are exponential fits to the data in Au + Au and U + U collisions, respectively. The dot-dashed and dot-dot- dashed lines represent the p2T distributions for the photon-photon process from two models [33,34] within the STAR acceptance in 60%–80% Au + Au collisions. The dashed lines illustrate the corresponding p2T distributions for e+e− pairs from the model [33] traversing 1 fm in a constant magnetic field of 10^14 T perpendicular to the beam line.

The corresponding sqrt(p2T) of excess yields. The vertical bars on data points are the combined statistical and systematic uncertainties.

The corresponding sqrt(p2T) of excess yields. The vertical bars on data points are the combined statistical and systematic uncertainties.

Data/simulation comparisons of the relative jet yields as functions of jet transverse momentum for the endcap

Data/simulation comparisons of the jet yields vs jet neutral energy fraction (NEF), shown separately for jets in different pseudorapidity ranges. The points represent the data (solid circle for barrel, open square and open cross for endcap jets at two different pseudorapidity ranges), and the histogram is the simulation.

Data/simulation comparisons of dijet yields as a function of invariant mass (left) for all the accepted events.

Data/simulation comparisons of dijet yields as a function of the pseudorapidity gap between the jets.

Data/simulation comparisons of dijet yields as a function of azimuthal opening angle between the jets.

Data/simulation comparisons of the underlying event $\delta M$ vs underlying event corrected dijet invariant mass.

The dijet $p_{T}$ imbalance distribution.

The jet invariant mass distribution.

The distributions of the parton $x_1$ and $x_2$, which has been weighted by the partonic $\hat{a}_{LL}$, from PYTHIA detector level simulations at $\sqrt{s}$ = 200 GeV for different jet pseudorapidity ranges.

The distributions of the parton $x_1$ and $x_2$, which has been weighted by the partonic $\hat{a}_{LL}$, from PYTHIA detector level simulations at $\sqrt{s}$ = 200 GeV for different jet pseudorapidity ranges.

The distributions of the parton $x_1$ and $x_2$, which has been weighted by the partonic $\hat{a}_{LL}$, from PYTHIA detector level simulations at $\sqrt{s}$ = 200 GeV for different jet pseudorapidity ranges.

$A_{LL}$ as a function of parton-level invariant mass for dijets with the East barrel-endcap.

$A_{LL}$ as a function of parton-level invariant mass for dijets with the West barrel-endcap.

$A_{LL}$ as a function of parton-level invariant mass for dijets with the endcap-endcap.

Polarization of $\Lambda$ and $\bar\Lambda$ as a function of $\eta$ for the $20\%–60\%$ centrality bin in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV. Open boxes and vertical lines show systematic and statistical uncertainties. Note that the data points for Λ are slightly shifted for visibility.

Polarization of $\Lambda$ and $\bar\Lambda$ as a function of observed charge asymmetry $A_{ch}$ normalized with its RMS $\sigma_{A_{ch}}$ for the $20\%–60\%$ centrality bin in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV. Open boxes and vertical lines show systematic and statistical uncertainties. Solid and dashed lines show linear fitting functions.

Global polarization of $\Lambda$ and $\bar{\Lambda}$ using the new $\alpha_\Lambda=0.732$ updated on PDG2020 as a function of the collision energy $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$ for 20-50% centrality Au+Au collisions. Thin lines show calculations from a 3+1D cascade + viscous hydrodynamic model (UrQMD+vHLLE) and bold lines show the AMPT model calculations. In the case of each model, primary $\Lambda$ with and without the feed-down effect are indicated by dashed and solid lines, respectively. Open boxes and vertical lines show systematic and statistical uncertainties, respectively. Note that the data points at 200 GeV and for $\bar{\Lambda}$ are slightly horizontally shifted for visibility.

$\Lambda$ ($\bar\Lambda$) polarization using the new $\alpha_\Lambda=0.732$ updated on PDG2020 as a function of the collision centrality in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV. Open boxes and vertical lines show systematic and statistical uncertainties. The data points for Λ are slightly shifted for visibility.

Polarization of $\Lambda$ and $\bar\Lambda$ using the new $\alpha_\Lambda=0.732$ updated on PDG2020 as a function of $p_{T}$ for the $20\%–60\%$ centrality bin in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV. Open boxes and vertical lines show systematic and statistical uncertainties, respectively. Hydrodynamic model calculations for Λ with two different initial conditions (IC) are compared. Note that the data points for Λ are slightly shifted for visibility.

Polarization of $\Lambda$ and $\bar\Lambda$ using the new $\alpha_\Lambda=0.732$ updated on PDG2020 as a function of $\eta$ for the $20\%–60\%$ centrality bin in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV. Open boxes and vertical lines show systematic and statistical uncertainties. Note that the data points for Λ are slightly shifted for visibility.

Polarization of $\Lambda$ and $\bar\Lambda$ using the new $\alpha_\Lambda=0.732$ updated on PDG2020 as a function of observed charge asymmetry $A_{ch}$ normalized with its RMS $\sigma_{A_{ch}}$ for the $20\%–60\%$ centrality bin in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV. Open boxes and vertical lines show systematic and statistical uncertainties. Solid and dashed lines show linear fitting functions.

(a) Centrality dependence of $v^{even}_{1}$ for $0.4 \lt p_{T} \lt 0.7$ GeV/c for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}} = 200, 39$ and $19.6$ GeV; (b) $K$ vs. $\langle N_{ch} \rangle^{-1}$ for the $v^{even}_{1}$ values shown in (a). The $\langle N_{ch} \rangle$ values correspond to the centrality intervals indicated in panel (a).

Comparison of the $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}$ dependence of $v^{even}_{1}$ and $v_3$ for $0.4 \lt p_{T} \lt 0.7$ GeV/c in 0-10 central Au+Au collisions.