Showing 10 of 20 results
We report on new measurements of elliptic flow ($v_2$) of electrons from heavy-flavor hadron decays at mid-rapidity ($|y|<0.8$) in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}$ = 27 and 54.4 GeV from the STAR experiment. Heavy-flavor decay electrons ($e^{\rm HF}$) in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}$ = 54.4 GeV exhibit a non-zero $v_2$ in the transverse momentum ($p_{\rm T}$) region of $p_{\rm T}<$ 2 GeV/$c$ with the magnitude comparable to that at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}=200$ GeV. The measured $e^{\rm HF}$$v_2$ at 54.4 GeV is also consistent with the expectation of their parent charm hadron $v_2$ following number-of-constituent-quark scaling as other light and strange flavor hadrons at this energy. These suggest that charm quarks gain significant collectivity through the evolution of the QCD medium and may reach local thermal equilibrium in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}=54.4$ GeV. The measured $e^{\rm HF}$$v_2$ in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}=$ 27 GeV is consistent with zero within large uncertainties. The energy dependence of $v_2$ for different flavor particles ($\pi,\phi,D^{0}/e^{\rm HF}$) shows an indication of quark mass hierarchy in reaching thermalization in high-energy nuclear collisions.
Heavy-flavor decay electron $v_2$ as a function of electron $p_{\rm T}$ in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}$ = 54.4 GeV.
Heavy-flavor decay electron $v_2$ as a function of electron $p_{\rm T}$ in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}$ = 27 GeV.
Energy dependence of $v_2$ for $\pi^{\pm}$, $\phi$, $D^0$ and $e^{\rm HF}$ at the same transverse mass value $\left<k_{\rm T}\right>=\left<m_{\rm T}-m_0\right>$ = 0.93 GeV/$c^2$. The data points are from or interpolated from STAR and ALICE measurements. The $e^{\rm HF}$ $v_2$ shown here is at the same parent $D^0$ meson transverse mass position using the decay kinematics calculated from PYTHIA6. Data points at the same energy are shifted horizontally for clarity. Error bars depict combined statistical and systematic uncertainties.
Energy dependence of $v_2$ for $\pi^{\pm}$, $\phi$, $D^0$ and $e^{\rm HF}$ at the same transverse mass value $\left<k_{\rm T}\right>=\left<m_{\rm T}-m_0\right>$ = 0.93 GeV/$c^2$. The data points are from or interpolated from STAR and ALICE measurements. The $e^{\rm HF}$ $v_2$ shown here is at the same parent $D^0$ meson transverse mass position using the decay kinematics calculated from PYTHIA6. Data points at the same energy are shifted horizontally for clarity. Error bars depict combined statistical and systematic uncertainties.
Energy dependence of $v_2$ for $\pi^{\pm}$, $\phi$, $D^0$ and $e^{\rm HF}$ at the same transverse mass value $\left<k_{\rm T}\right>=\left<m_{\rm T}-m_0\right>$ = 0.93 GeV/$c^2$. The data points are from or interpolated from STAR and ALICE measurements. The $e^{\rm HF}$ $v_2$ shown here is at the same parent $D^0$ meson transverse mass position using the decay kinematics calculated from PYTHIA6. Data points at the same energy are shifted horizontally for clarity. Error bars depict combined statistical and systematic uncertainties.
Energy dependence of $v_2$ for $\pi^{\pm}$, $\phi$, $D^0$ and $e^{\rm HF}$ at the same transverse mass value $\left<k_{\rm T}\right>=\left<m_{\rm T}-m_0\right>$ = 0.93 GeV/$c^2$. The data points are from or interpolated from STAR and ALICE measurements. The $e^{\rm HF}$ $v_2$ shown here is at the same parent $D^0$ meson transverse mass position using the decay kinematics calculated from PYTHIA6. Data points at the same energy are shifted horizontally for clarity. Error bars depict combined statistical and systematic uncertainties.
Density fluctuations near the QCD critical point can be probed via an intermittency analysis in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. We report the first measurement of intermittency in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 7.7-200 GeV measured by the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The scaled factorial moments of identified charged hadrons are analyzed at mid-rapidity and within the transverse momentum phase space. We observe a power-law behavior of scaled factorial moments in Au$+$Au collisions and a decrease in the extracted scaling exponent ($\nu$) from peripheral to central collisions. The $\nu$ is consistent with a constant for different collisions energies in the mid-central (10-40%) collisions. Moreover, the $\nu$ in the 0-5% most central Au$+$Au collisions exhibits a non-monotonic energy dependence that reaches a possible minimum around $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 27 GeV. The physics implications on the QCD phase structure are discussed.
The scaled factorial moments, $F_{q}(M)$($q=$ 2-6), of identified charged hadrons ($h^{\pm}$) multiplicity in the most central (0-5\%) Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 7.7 GeV.
The scaled factorial moments, $F_{q}(M)$($q=$ 2-6), of identified charged hadrons ($h^{\pm}$) multiplicity in the most central (0-5\%) Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 19.6 GeV.
The scaled factorial moments, $F_{q}(M)$($q=$ 2-6), of identified charged hadrons ($h^{\pm}$) multiplicity in the most central (0-5\%) Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 39 GeV.
The scaled factorial moments, $F_{q}(M)$($q=$ 2-6), of identified charged hadrons ($h^{\pm}$) multiplicity in the most central (0-5\%) Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 200 GeV.
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 2-6) as a function of $M^{2}$ in the most central (0-5\%) Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 7.7 GeV.
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 2-6) as a function of $M^{2}$ in the most central (0-5\%) Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 19.6 GeV.
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 2-6) as a function of $M^{2}$ in the most central (0-5\%) Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 39 GeV.
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 2-6) as a function of $M^{2}$ in the most central (0-5\%) Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 200 GeV.
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 3-6) as a function of $\Delta F_{2}(M)$ in the most central Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 7.7 GeV.
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 3-6) as a function of $\Delta F_{2}(M)$ in the most central Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 11.5 GeV.
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 3-6) as a function of $\Delta F_{2}(M)$ in the most central Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 14.5 GeV.
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 3-6) as a function of $\Delta F_{2}(M)$ in the most central Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 19.6 GeV.
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 3-6) as a function of $\Delta F_{2}(M)$ in the most central Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 27 GeV.
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 3-6) as a function of $\Delta F_{2}(M)$ in the most central Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 39 GeV.
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 3-6) as a function of $\Delta F_{2}(M)$ in the most central Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 54.4 GeV.
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 3-6) as a function of $\Delta F_{2}(M)$ in the most central Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 62.4 GeV.
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 3-6) as a function of $\Delta F_{2}(M)$ in the most central Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 200 GeV.
The scaling index, $\beta_{q}$ ($q=$ 3-6), as a function of $q-1$ in the most central (0-5\%) Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 7.7-200 GeV.
The scaling exponent ($\nu$), as a function of average number of participant nucleons ($\langle N_{part}\rangle$), in Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 19.6-200 GeV. The data with the largest number of $\langle N_{part}\rangle$ correspond to the most central collisions (0-5\%), and the rest of the points are for 5-10\%, 10-20\%, 20-30\% and 30-40\% centrality, respectively. The numbers of $\langle N_{part}\rangle$ at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 19.6 are: 338,289,225,158,108. The numbers of $\langle N_{part}\rangle$ at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 27 GeV are: 343,299,234,166,114. The numbers of $\langle N_{part}\rangle$ at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 39 GeV are: 342,294,230,162,111. The numbers of $\langle N_{part}\rangle$ at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 54.4 GeV are: 346,292,228,161,111. The numbers of $\langle N_{part}\rangle$ at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 62.4 GeV are 347,294,230,164,114. The numbers of $\langle N_{part}\rangle$ at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 200 GeV are:351,299,234,168,117.
Collision energy dependence of the scaling exponent in the 0-10% and 10-40% centrality collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 7.7-200 GeV
The scaled factorial moments, $F_{q}(M)$($q=$ 2-6), of identified charged hadrons ($h^{\pm}$) multiplicity in the most central Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 7.7 GeV.
The scaled factorial moments, $F_{q}(M)$($q=$ 2-6), of identified charged hadrons ($h^{\pm}$) multiplicity in the most central Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 11.5 GeV.
The scaled factorial moments, $F_{q}(M)$($q=$ 2-6), of identified charged hadrons ($h^{\pm}$) multiplicity in the most central Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 14.5 GeV.
The scaled factorial moments, $F_{q}(M)$($q=$ 2-6), of identified charged hadrons ($h^{\pm}$) multiplicity in the most central Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 19.6 GeV.
The scaled factorial moments, $F_{q}(M)$($q=$ 2-6), of identified charged hadrons ($h^{\pm}$) multiplicity in the most central Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 27 GeV.
The scaled factorial moments, $F_{q}(M)$($q=$ 2-6), of identified charged hadrons ($h^{\pm}$) multiplicity in the most central Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 39 GeV.
The scaled factorial moments, $F_{q}(M)$($q=$ 2-6), of identified charged hadrons ($h^{\pm}$) multiplicity in the most central Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 54.4 GeV.
The scaled factorial moments, $F_{q}(M)$($q=$ 2-6), of identified charged hadrons ($h^{\pm}$) multiplicity in the most central Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 62.4 GeV.
The scaled factorial moments, $F_{q}(M)$($q=$ 2-6), of identified charged hadrons ($h^{\pm}$) multiplicity in the most central Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 200 GeV.
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 2-6) as a function of $M^{2}$ in the most central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 7.7 GeV
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 2-6) as a function of $M^{2}$ in the most central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 11.5 GeV
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 2-6) as a function of $M^{2}$ in the most central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 14.5 GeV
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 2-6) as a function of $M^{2}$ in the most central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 19.6 GeV
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 2-6) as a function of $M^{2}$ in the most central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 27 GeV
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 2-6) as a function of $M^{2}$ in the most central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 39 GeV
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 2-6) as a function of $M^{2}$ in the most central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 54.4 GeV
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 2-6) as a function of $M^{2}$ in the most central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 62.4 GeV
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 2-6) as a function of $M^{2}$ in the most central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 200 GeV
Efficiency corrected and uncorrected $\Delta F_{2}(M)$ as a function of $M^{2}$ in the most central (0-5%) Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 27 GeV
Efficiency corrected and uncorrected $\Delta F_{3}(M)$ as a function of $M^{2}$ in the most central (0-5%) Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 27 GeV
Efficiency corrected and uncorrected $\Delta F_{4}(M)$ as a function of $M^{2}$ in the most central (0-5%) Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 27 GeV
Efficiency corrected and uncorrected $\Delta F_{5}(M)$ as a function of $M^{2}$ in the most central (0-5%) Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 27 GeV
Efficiency corrected and uncorrected $\Delta F_{6}(M)$ as a function of $M^{2}$ in the most central (0-5%) Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 27 GeV
The scaled factorial moments, $F_{q}(M)$($q=$ 2-6), of identified charged hadrons ($h^{\pm}$) multiplicity in the most central (0-5\%) Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 7.7 GeV.
The scaled factorial moments, $F_{q}(M)$($q=$ 2-6), of identified charged hadrons ($h^{\pm}$) multiplicity in the 5-10\% centrality Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 7.7 GeV.
The scaled factorial moments, $F_{q}(M)$($q=$ 2-6), of identified charged hadrons ($h^{\pm}$) multiplicity in the 10-20\% centrality Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 7.7 GeV.
The scaled factorial moments, $F_{q}(M)$($q=$ 2-6), of identified charged hadrons ($h^{\pm}$) multiplicity in the 20-30\% centrality Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 7.7 GeV.
The scaled factorial moments, $F_{q}(M)$($q=$ 2-6), of identified charged hadrons ($h^{\pm}$) multiplicity in the 30-40\% centrality Au$+$Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 7.7 GeV.
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 2-6) as a function of $M^{2}$ in 0-5% centrality classes at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 7.7 GeV
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 2-6) as a function of $M^{2}$ in 5-10% centrality classes at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 7.7 GeV
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 2-6) as a function of $M^{2}$ in 10-20% centrality classes at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 7.7 GeV
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 2-6) as a function of $M^{2}$ in 20-30% centrality classes at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 7.7 GeV
$\Delta F_{q}(M)$ ($q=$ 2-6) as a function of $M^{2}$ in 30-40% centrality classes at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{_{NN}}}$ = 7.7 GeV
We report the triton ($t$) production in mid-rapidity ($|y| <$ 0.5) Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$= 7.7--200 GeV measured by the STAR experiment from the first phase of the beam energy scan at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The nuclear compound yield ratio ($\mathrm{N}_t \times \mathrm{N}_p/\mathrm{N}_d^2$), which is predicted to be sensitive to the fluctuation of local neutron density, is observed to decrease monotonically with increasing charged-particle multiplicity ($dN_{ch}/d\eta$) and follows a scaling behavior. The $dN_{ch}/d\eta$ dependence of the yield ratio is compared to calculations from coalescence and thermal models. Enhancements in the yield ratios relative to the coalescence baseline are observed in the 0%-10% most central collisions at 19.6 and 27 GeV, with a significance of 2.3$\sigma$ and 3.4$\sigma$, respectively, giving a combined significance of 4.1$\sigma$. The enhancements are not observed in peripheral collisions or model calculations without critical fluctuation, and decreases with a smaller $p_{T}$ acceptance. The physics implications of these results on the QCD phase structure and the production mechanism of light nuclei in heavy-ion collisions are discussed.
We report the measurement of $K^{*0}$ meson at midrapidity ($|y|<$ 1.0) in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$~=~7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27 and 39 GeV collected by the STAR experiment during the RHIC beam energy scan (BES) program. The transverse momentum spectra, yield, and average transverse momentum of $K^{*0}$ are presented as functions of collision centrality and beam energy. The $K^{*0}/K$ yield ratios are presented for different collision centrality intervals and beam energies. The $K^{*0}/K$ ratio in heavy-ion collisions are observed to be smaller than that in small system collisions (e+e and p+p). The $K^{*0}/K$ ratio follows a similar centrality dependence to that observed in previous RHIC and LHC measurements. The data favor the scenario of the dominance of hadronic re-scattering over regeneration for $K^{*0}$ production in the hadronic phase of the medium.
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$7.7 GeV (Multiplicity class 0-20%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$7.7 GeV (Multiplicity class 20-40%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$7.7 GeV (Multiplicity class 40-60%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$7.7 GeV (Multiplicity class 60-80%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$11.5 GeV (Multiplicity class 0-10%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$11.5 GeV (Multiplicity class 10-20%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$11.5 GeV (Multiplicity class 20-30%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$11.5 GeV (Multiplicity class 30-40%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$11.5 GeV (Multiplicity class 40-60%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$11.5 GeV (Multiplicity class 60-80%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$14.5 GeV (Multiplicity class 0-10%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$14.5 GeV (Multiplicity class 10-20%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$14.5 GeV (Multiplicity class 20-30%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$14.5 GeV (Multiplicity class 30-40%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$14.5 GeV (Multiplicity class 40-60%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$14.5 GeV (Multiplicity class 60-80%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$19.6 GeV (Multiplicity class 0-10%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$19.6 GeV (Multiplicity class 10-20%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$19.6 GeV (Multiplicity class 20-30%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$19.6 GeV (Multiplicity class 30-40%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$19.6 GeV (Multiplicity class 40-60%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$19.6 GeV (Multiplicity class 60-80%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$27 GeV (Multiplicity class 0-10%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$27 GeV (Multiplicity class 10-20%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$27 GeV (Multiplicity class 20-30%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$27 GeV (Multiplicity class 30-40%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$27 GeV (Multiplicity class 40-60%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$27 GeV (Multiplicity class 60-80%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$39 GeV (Multiplicity class 0-10%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$39 GeV (Multiplicity class 10-20%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$39 GeV (Multiplicity class 20-30%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$39 GeV (Multiplicity class 30-40%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$39 GeV (Multiplicity class 40-60%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$-differential yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$39 GeV (Multiplicity class 60-80%).
$p_{\mathrm T}$- integrated yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$7.7 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
$p_{\mathrm T}$- integrated yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$11.5 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
$p_{\mathrm T}$- integrated yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$14.5 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
$p_{\mathrm T}$- integrated yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$19.6 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
$p_{\mathrm T}$- integrated yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$27 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
$p_{\mathrm T}$- integrated yield of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$39 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
<$p_{\mathrm T}$> of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$7.7 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
<$p_{\mathrm T}$> of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$11.5 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
<$p_{\mathrm T}$> of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$14.5 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
<$p_{\mathrm T}$> of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$19.6 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
<$p_{\mathrm T}$> of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$27 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
<$p_{\mathrm T}$> of $\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$39 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
$\frac{\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}}{K^{+} + K^{-}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$7.7 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
$\frac{\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}}{K^{+} + K^{-}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$11.5 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
$\frac{\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}}{K^{+} + K^{-}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$14.5 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
$\frac{\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}}{K^{+} + K^{-}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$19.6 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
$\frac{\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}}{K^{+} + K^{-}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$27 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
$\frac{\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}}{K^{+} + K^{-}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$39 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
$\frac{\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}}{K^{+} + K^{-}}$ vs. $<(dN_{ch}/dy)^{1/3}>$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$7.7 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
$\frac{\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}}{K^{+} + K^{-}}$ vs. $<(dN_{ch}/dy)^{1/3}>$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~11.5 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
$\frac{\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}}{K^{+} + K^{-}}$ vs. $<(dN_{ch}/dy)^{1/3}>$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$14.5GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
$\frac{\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}}{K^{+} + K^{-}}$ vs. $<(dN_{ch}/dy)^{1/3}>$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$19.6 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
$\frac{\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}}{K^{+} + K^{-}}$ vs. $<(dN_{ch}/dy)^{1/3}>$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$27 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
$\frac{\mathrm{K^{*0}} + \bar{\mathrm{K^{*0}}}}{K^{+} + K^{-}}$ vs. $<(dN_{ch}/dy)^{1/3}>$ in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$39 GeV. Total systematic error is the quadrature sum of the correlated and uncorrelated systematic errors
$\frac{2\phi}{K^{+} + K^{-}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$7.7 GeV
$\frac{2\phi}{K^{+} + K^{-}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$11.5 GeV
$\frac{2\phi}{K^{+} + K^{-}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$19.6 GeV
$\frac{2\phi}{K^{+} + K^{-}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$27 GeV
$\frac{2\phi}{K^{+} + K^{-}}$ vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$39 GeV
lower limit of hadronic phase lifetime vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$7.7 GeV
lower limit of hadronic phase lifetime vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$11.5 GeV
lower limit of hadronic phase lifetime vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$14.5 GeV
lower limit of hadronic phase lifetime vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$19.6 GeV
lower limit of hadronic phase lifetime vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$27 GeV
lower limit of hadronic phase lifetime vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$39 GeV
lower limit of hadronic phase lifetime vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$62.4 GeV
lower limit of hadronic phase lifetime vs. < Npart > in AuAu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}~=~$200 GeV
Notwithstanding decades of progress since Yukawa first developed a description of the force between nucleons in terms of meson exchange, a full understanding of the strong interaction remains a major challenge in modern science. One remaining difficulty arises from the non-perturbative nature of the strong force, which leads to the phenomenon of quark confinement at distances on the order of the size of the proton. Here we show that in relativistic heavy-ion collisions, where quarks and gluons are set free over an extended volume, two species of produced vector (spin-1) mesons, namely $\phi$ and $K^{*0}$, emerge with a surprising pattern of global spin alignment. In particular, the global spin alignment for $\phi$ is unexpectedly large, while that for $K^{*0}$ is consistent with zero. The observed spin-alignment pattern and magnitude for the $\phi$ cannot be explained by conventional mechanisms, while a model with a connection to strong force fields, i.e. an effective proxy description within the Standard Model and Quantum Chromodynamics, accommodates the current data. This connection, if fully established, will open a potential new avenue for studying the behaviour of strong force fields.
Rapidity-odd directed flow measurements at midrapidity are presented for $\Lambda$, $\bar{\Lambda}$, $K^\pm$, $K^0_s$ and $\phi$ at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} =$ 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV in Au+Au collisions recorded by the STAR detector at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. These measurements greatly expand the scope of data available to constrain models with differing prescriptions for the equation of state of quantum chromodynamics. Results show good sensitivity for testing a picture where flow is assumed to be imposed before hadron formation and the observed particles are assumed to form via coalescence of constituent quarks. The pattern of departure from a coalescence-inspired sum-rule can be a valuable new tool for probing the collision dynamics.
Directed flow $v_1$ as a function of rapidity $y$ for $p$ in 5%–10% central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} =$ 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV.
Directed flow $v_1$ as a function of rapidity $y$ for $p$ in 10%–40% central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} =$ 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, and 39 GeV.
Directed flow $v_1$ as a function of rapidity $y$ for $p$ in 10%–40% central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} =$ 62.4 and 200 GeV.
Directed flow $v_1$ as a function of rapidity $y$ for $p$ in 40%–80% central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} =$ 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV.
Directed flow $v_1$ as a function of rapidity $y$ for $\bar{p}$ in 5%–10% central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} =$ 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV.
We report the first measurements of a complete second-order cumulant matrix of net-charge, net-proton, and net-kaon multiplicity distributions for the first phase of the beam energy scan program at RHIC. This includes the centrality and, for the first time, the pseudorapidity window dependence of both diagonal and off-diagonal cumulants in Au+Au collisions at \sNN~= 7.7-200 GeV. Within the available acceptance of $|\eta|<0.5$, the cumulants grow linearly with the pseudorapidity window. Relative to the corresponding measurements in peripheral collisions, the ratio of off-diagonal over diagonal cumulants in central collisions indicates an excess correlation between net-charge and net-kaon, as well as between net-charge and net-proton. The strength of such excess correlation increases with the collision energy. The correlation between net-proton and net-kaon multiplicity distributions is observed to be negative at \sNN~= 200 GeV and change to positive at the lowest collision energy. Model calculations based on non-thermal (UrQMD) and thermal (HRG) production of hadrons cannot explain the data. These measurements will help map the QCD phase diagram, constrain hadron resonance gas model calculations, and provide new insights on the energy dependence of baryon-strangeness correlations. An erratum has been added to address the issue of self-correlation in the previously considered efficiency correction for off-diagonal cumulant measurement. Previously considered unidentified (net-)charge correlation results ($\sigma^{11}_{Q,p}$ and $\sigma^{11}_{Q,k})$ are now replaced with identified (net-)charge correlation ($\sigma^{11}_{Q^{PID},p}$ and $\sigma^{11}_{Q^{PID},k}$)
The dependence of efficiency corrected second-order diagonal and off-diagonal cumulants on the width of the η-window. The filled and open circles represent 0-5% and 70-80% central collisions respectively. The shaded band represents the systematic uncertainty. The statistical uncertainties are within the marker size and solid lines are UrQMD calculations.
The dependence of efficiency corrected second-order diagonal and off-diagonal cumulants on the width of the η-window. The filled and open circles represent 0-5% and 70-80% central collisions respectively. The shaded band represents the systematic uncertainty. The statistical uncertainties are within the marker size and solid lines are UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of efficiency corrected second-order diagonal cumulants of net-proton, net-kaon and net-pion (top to bottom) of the multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at GeV (left to right) within kinematic range of |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. The boxes represent the systematic error. The statistical error bars are within the marker size. The dashed lines represent scaling predicted by central limit theorem and the solid lines are UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of efficiency corrected second-order diagonal cumulants of net-proton, net-kaon and net-pion (top to bottom) of the multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at GeV (left to right) within kinematic range of |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. The boxes represent the systematic error. The statistical error bars are within the marker size. The dashed lines represent scaling predicted by central limit theorem and the solid lines are UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of second-order off-diagonal cumulants of net-proton, net-charge and net-kaon for Au+Au colli- sions at √sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV (left to right) within kinematic range |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. Error bars are statistical and boxes are systematic errors. The dashed lines represent scaling predicted by the central limit theorem and the solid lines are UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of efficiency corrected second-order diagonal cumulants of net-proton, net-kaon and net-pion (top to bottom) of the multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at GeV (left to right) within kinematic range of |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. The boxes represent the systematic error. The statistical error bars are within the marker size. The dashed lines represent scaling predicted by central limit theorem and the solid lines are UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of second-order off-diagonal to diagonal cumulants ratios of net-proton, net-charge and net-kaon for Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV (left to right) within the kinematic range |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. Error bars are statistical and boxes are systematic errors. The solid lines represent the UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of efficiency corrected second-order diagonal cumulants of net-proton, net-kaon and net-pion (top to bottom) of the multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at GeV (left to right) within kinematic range of |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. The boxes represent the systematic error. The statistical error bars are within the marker size. The dashed lines represent scaling predicted by central limit theorem and the solid lines are UrQMD calculations.
Beam energy dependence of cumulant ratios (Cp,k,CQ,k and CQ,p; top to bottom) of net-proton, net-kaon and net-charge (identified) for Au+Au collisions at sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV. The bands denote the UrQMD calculations for 0-5% and 70-80% central collisions and the HRG values are denoted by red dotted lines. The Poisson baseline is denoted by black dashed lines. Error bars are statistical and boxes are systematic errors.
Centrality dependence of efficiency corrected second-order diagonal cumulants of net-proton, net-kaon and net-pion (top to bottom) of the multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at GeV (left to right) within kinematic range of |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. The boxes represent the systematic error. The statistical error bars are within the marker size. The dashed lines represent scaling predicted by central limit theorem and the solid lines are UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of efficiency corrected second-order diagonal cumulants of net-proton, net-kaon and net-pion (top to bottom) of the multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at GeV (left to right) within kinematic range of |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. The boxes represent the systematic error. The statistical error bars are within the marker size. The dashed lines represent scaling predicted by central limit theorem and the solid lines are UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of efficiency corrected second-order diagonal cumulants of net-proton, net-kaon and net-pion (top to bottom) of the multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at GeV (left to right) within kinematic range of |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. The boxes represent the systematic error. The statistical error bars are within the marker size. The dashed lines represent scaling predicted by central limit theorem and the solid lines are UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of efficiency corrected second-order diagonal cumulants of net-proton, net-kaon and net-pion (top to bottom) of the multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at GeV (left to right) within kinematic range of |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. The boxes represent the systematic error. The statistical error bars are within the marker size. The dashed lines represent scaling predicted by central limit theorem and the solid lines are UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of efficiency corrected second-order diagonal cumulants of net-proton, net-kaon and net-pion (top to bottom) of the multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at GeV (left to right) within kinematic range of |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. The boxes represent the systematic error. The statistical error bars are within the marker size. The dashed lines represent scaling predicted by central limit theorem and the solid lines are UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of second-order off-diagonal cumulants of net-proton, net-charge and net-kaon for Au+Au colli-sions at √sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV (left to right) within kinematic range |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. Bars represent statistical errors and boxes show systematic errors. The dashed lines represent scaling predicted by the central limit theorem and the solid lines are UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of second-order off-diagonal cumulants of net-proton, net-charge and net-kaon for Au+Au colli-sions at √sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV (left to right) within kinematic range |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. Bars represent statistical errors and boxes show systematic errors. The dashed lines represent scaling predicted by the central limit theorem and the solid lines are UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of second-order off-diagonal cumulants of net-proton, net-charge and net-kaon for Au+Au colli-sions at √sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV (left to right) within kinematic range |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. Bars represent statistical errors and boxes show systematic errors. The dashed lines represent scaling predicted by the central limit theorem and the solid lines are UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of second-order off-diagonal cumulants of net-proton, net-charge and net-kaon for Au+Au colli-sions at √sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV (left to right) within kinematic range |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. Bars represent statistical errors and boxes show systematic errors. The dashed lines represent scaling predicted by the central limit theorem and the solid lines are UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of second-order off-diagonal cumulants of net-proton, net-charge and net-kaon for Au+Au colli-sions at √sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV (left to right) within kinematic range |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. Bars represent statistical errors and boxes show systematic errors. The dashed lines represent scaling predicted by the central limit theorem and the solid lines are UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of second-order off-diagonal cumulants of net-proton, net-charge and net-kaon for Au+Au colli-sions at √sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV (left to right) within kinematic range |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. Bars represent statistical errors and boxes show systematic errors. The dashed lines represent scaling predicted by the central limit theorem and the solid lines are UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of second-order off-diagonal cumulants of net-proton, net-charge and net-kaon for Au+Au colli-sions at √sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV (left to right) within kinematic range |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. Bars represent statistical errors and boxes show systematic errors. The dashed lines represent scaling predicted by the central limit theorem and the solid lines are UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of second-order off-diagonal cumulants of net-proton, net-charge and net-kaon for Au+Au colli-sions at √sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV (left to right) within kinematic range |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. Bars represent statistical errors and boxes show systematic errors. The dashed lines represent scaling predicted by the central limit theorem and the solid lines are UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of second-order off-diagonal to diagonal cumulants ratios of net-proton, identified net-charge and net-kaon for Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV (left to right) within the kinematic range |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. Bars represent statistical errors and boxes show systematic errors. The solid lines represent the UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of second-order off-diagonal to diagonal cumulants ratios of net-proton, identified net-charge and net-kaon for Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV (left to right) within the kinematic range |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. Bars represent statistical errors and boxes show systematic errors. The solid lines represent the UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of second-order off-diagonal to diagonal cumulants ratios of net-proton, identified net-charge and net-kaon for Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV (left to right) within the kinematic range |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. Bars represent statistical errors and boxes show systematic errors. The solid lines represent the UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of second-order off-diagonal to diagonal cumulants ratios of net-proton, identified net-charge and net-kaon for Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV (left to right) within the kinematic range |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. Bars represent statistical errors and boxes show systematic errors. The solid lines represent the UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of second-order off-diagonal to diagonal cumulants ratios of net-proton, identified net-charge and net-kaon for Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV (left to right) within the kinematic range |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. Bars represent statistical errors and boxes show systematic errors. The solid lines represent the UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of second-order off-diagonal to diagonal cumulants ratios of net-proton, identified net-charge and net-kaon for Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV (left to right) within the kinematic range |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. Bars represent statistical errors and boxes show systematic errors. The solid lines represent the UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of second-order off-diagonal to diagonal cumulants ratios of net-proton, identified net-charge and net-kaon for Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV (left to right) within the kinematic range |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. Bars represent statistical errors and boxes show systematic errors. The solid lines represent the UrQMD calculations.
Centrality dependence of second-order off-diagonal to diagonal cumulants ratios of net-proton, identified net-charge and net-kaon for Au+Au collisions at √sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV (left to right) within the kinematic range |η| < 0.5 and 0.4 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c. Bars represent statistical errors and boxes show systematic errors. The solid lines represent the UrQMD calculations.
Beam energy dependence of cumulant ratios (Cp,k,CQ,k and CQ,p; top to bottom) of net-proton, net-kaon and identified net-charge for Au+Au collisions at sNN = 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV. The bands denote the UrQMD calculations for 0-5% and 70-80% central collisions and the HRG values are denoted by red dotted lines. The Poisson baseline is denoted by black dashed lines. Bars show statistical errors and boxes show systematic errors.
The extreme temperatures and energy densities generated by ultra-relativistic collisions between heavy nuclei produce a state of matter with surprising fluid properties. Non-central collisions have angular momentum on the order of 1000$\hbar$, and the resulting fluid may have a strong vortical structure that must be understood to properly describe the fluid. It is also of particular interest because the restoration of fundamental symmetries of quantum chromodynamics is expected to produce novel physical effects in the presence of strong vorticity. However, no experimental indications of fluid vorticity in heavy ion collisions have so far been found. Here we present the first measurement of an alignment between the angular momentum of a non-central collision and the spin of emitted particles, revealing that the fluid produced in heavy ion collisions is by far the most vortical system ever observed. We find that $\Lambda$ and $\overline{\Lambda}$ hyperons show a positive polarization of the order of a few percent, consistent with some hydrodynamic predictions. A previous measurement that reported a null result at higher collision energies is seen to be consistent with the trend of our new observations, though with larger statistical uncertainties. These data provide the first experimental access to the vortical structure of the "perfect fluid" created in a heavy ion collision. They should prove valuable in the development of hydrodynamic models that quantitatively connect observations to the theory of the Strong Force. Our results extend the recent discovery of hydrodynamic spin alignment to the subatomic realm.
Lambda and AntiLambda polarization as a function of collision energy. A 0.8% error on the alpha value used in the paper is corrected in this table. Systematic error bars include those associated with particle identification (negligible), uncertainty in the value of the hyperon decay parameter (2%) and reaction plane resolution (2%) and detector efficiency corrections (4%). The dominant systematic error comes from statistical fluctuations of the estimated combinatoric background under the (anti-)$\Lambda$ mass peak.
Lambda and AntiLambda polarization as a function of collision energy calculated using the new $\alpha_\Lambda=0.732$ updated on PDG2020. Systematic error bars include those associated with particle identification (negligible), uncertainty in the value of the hyperon decay parameter (2%) and reaction plane resolution (2%) and detector efficiency corrections (4%). The dominant systematic error comes from statistical fluctuations of the estimated combinatoric background under the (anti-)$\Lambda$ mass peak.
Elliptic flow (v_2) values for identified particles at midrapidity in Au + Au collisions measured by the STAR experiment in the Beam Energy Scan at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at sqrt{s_{NN}}= 7.7--62.4 GeV are presented for three centrality classes. The centrality dependence and the data at sqrt{s_{NN}}= 14.5 GeV are new. Except at the lowest beam energies we observe a similar relative v_2 baryon-meson splitting for all centrality classes which is in agreement within 15% with the number-of-constituent quark scaling. The larger v_2 for most particles relative to antiparticles, already observed for minimum bias collisions, shows a clear centrality dependence, with the largest difference for the most central collisions. Also, the results are compared with A Multiphase Transport Model and fit with a Blast Wave model.
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The difference in $v_{2}$ between particles (X) and their corresponding antiparticles $\bar{X}$ (see legend) as a function of $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ for 10%-40% central Au + Au collisions. The systematic errors are shown by the hooked error bars. The dashed lines in the plot are fits with a power-law function.
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The difference in $v_{2}$ between protons and antiprotons as a function of $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ for 0%-10%, 10%-40% and 40%-80% central Au + Au collisions. The systematic errors are shown by the hooked error bars. The dashed lines in the plot are fits with a power-law function.
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The relative difference. The systematic errors are shown by the hooked error bars. The dashed lines in the plot are fits with a power-law function.
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The $v_{2}$ difference between protons and antiprotons (and between $\pi^{+}$ and $pi^{-}$) for 10%-40% centrality Au+Au collisions at 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, and 19.6 GeV. The $v_{2}{BBC} results were slightly shifted horizontally.
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The two-particle angular correlation functions, $R_2$, of pions, kaons, and protons in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=$ 7.7, 11.5, 14.5, 19.6, 27, 39, 62.4, and 200 GeV were measured by the STAR experiment at RHIC. These correlations were measured for both like-sign and unlike-sign charge combinations and versus the centrality. The correlations of pions and kaons show the expected near-side ({\it i.e.}, at small relative angles) peak resulting from short-range mechanisms. The amplitudes of these short-range correlations decrease with increasing beam energy. However, the proton correlation functions exhibit strong anticorrelations in the near-side region. This behavior is observed for the first time in an A+A collision system. The observed anticorrelation is $p_{T}$-independent and decreases with increasing beam energy and centrality. The experimental results are also compared to the Monte Carlo models UrQMD, Hijing, and AMPT.
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like-sign pions in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.2 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 7.7 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like-sign pions in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.2 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 11.5 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like-sign pions in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.2 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 14.5 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like-sign pions in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.2 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 19.6 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like-sign pions in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.2 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 27 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like-sign pions in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.2 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 39 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like-sign pions in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.2 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 64.2 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like-sign pions in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.2 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 200 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like-sign pions in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.2 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 7.7 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like-sign pions in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.2 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 11.5 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like-sign pions in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.2 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 14.5 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like-sign pions in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.2 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 19.6 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of unlike-sign pions in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.2 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 27 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of unlike-sign pions in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.2 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 39 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of unlike-sign pions in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.2 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 64.2 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of unlike-sign pions in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.2 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 200 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like-sign protons in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.4 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 7.7 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like-sign protons in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.4 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 11.5 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like-sign protons in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.4 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 14.5 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like-sign protons in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.4 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 19.6 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like-sign protons in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.4 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 27 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like-sign protons in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.4 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 39 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like-sign protons in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.4 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 64.2 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like-sign protons in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.4 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 200 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of unlike-sign protons in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.4 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 7.7 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of unlike-sign protons in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.4 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 11.5 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of unlike-sign protons in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.4 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 14.5 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of unlike-sign protons in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.4 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 19.6 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of unlike-sign protons in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.4 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 27 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of unlike-sign protons in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.4 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 39 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of unlike-sign protons in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.4 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 64.2 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of unlike-sign protons in Au+Au collisions at mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.4 < pT < 2.0 GeV/c at 200 GeV
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of like- sign kaons in Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV, mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.2 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c
Angular correlation function R2(∆y,∆φ) of unlike-sign kaons in Au+Au collisions at 200 GeV, mid centrality 30%-40% and 0.2 < pT < 1.6 GeV/c.
Projection of correlation function ⟨R2(∆y)⟩ of like-sign (red) and unlike-sign (blue) pions in Au+Au collisions at 30%-40% centrality and eight different energies from 7.7 GeV (top left) to 200 GeV (bottom right). Also shown at the highest beam energies in the right frames are the antiproton-antiproton correlations.
Projection of correlation function ⟨R2(∆y)⟩ of like-sign (red) and unlike-sign (blue) protons in Au+Au collisions at 30%-40% centrality and eight different energies from 7.7 GeV (top left) to 200 GeV (bottom right). Also shown at the highest beam energies in the right frames are the antiproton-antiproton correlations.
Near-side and away-side ⟨R2(∆y)⟩ projection of like-sign (red) and unlike-sign (blue) pions in Au+Au collisions at 14.5 GeV (top) and 62.4 GeV (bottom), 30%-40% centrality.
Near-side and away-side ⟨R2(∆y)⟩ projection of like-sign (red) and unlike-sign (blue) protons in Au+Au collisions at 14.5 GeV (top) and 62.4 GeV (bottom), 30%-40% centrality.
Projection of correlation function ⟨R2(∆y)⟩ of like-sign (red) and unlike-sign (blue) pions in Au+Au collisions at 14.5 GeV (top) and 62.4 GeV (bottom), 30%-40% centrality compared with the UrQMD (solid line), Hijing (dash-dotted line), and AMPT (dotted line) simulations.
Projection of correlation function ⟨R2(∆y)⟩ of like-sign (red) and unlike-sign (blue) protons in Au+Au collisions at 14.5 GeV (top) and 62.4 GeV (bottom), 30%-40% centrality compared with the UrQMD (solid line), Hijing (dash-dotted line), and AMPT (dotted line) simulations.
Projection of correlation function ⟨R2(∆y)⟩ of like-sign (red) and unlike-sign (blue) pions in Au+Au collisions at 14.5 GeV (top) and 62.4 GeV (bottom) for the most central 0%-5%, mid-central 30%-40% and pe- ripheral 60%-70% events.
Projection of correlation function ⟨R2(∆y)⟩ of like-sign (red) and unlike-sign (blue) protons in Au+Au collisions at 14.5 GeV (top) and 62.4 GeV (bottom) for the most central 0%-5%, mid-central 30%-40% and pe- ripheral 60%-70% events.
Projection of correlation function ⟨R2(∆y)⟩ of like-sign (red) and unlike-sign (blue) pions in low and high pT in Au+Au collisions at 14.5 GeV (top) and 62.4 GeV (bottom) in 30%-40% centrality.
Projection of correlation function ⟨R2(∆y)⟩ of like-sign (red) and unlike-sign (blue) protons in low and high pT in Au+Au collisions at 14.5 GeV (top) and 62.4 GeV (bottom) in 30%-40% centrality.
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