The experimental energy, angular and isotopic distributions for hydrogen and helium nuclei produced in 6.7 GeV deuteron interactions with 58Ni and 64Ni isotopes are presented. The data obtained by using the multichannel E-E semiconductor spectrometer in the 3-50 MeV energy range. Energy spectra are very close to Maxwell distribution, angular distributions are isotropic, isotopic ratios do not depend on emission angle of fragments but depend on a projectile mass
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The response function of nuclei in the quasielastic region at large momentum transfer (q≤10 fm−1) is measured for a series of nuclei, He4, C12, Al27, Fe56, and Au197, up to large values of the Bjorken scaling variables x<2.5.
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Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (?////The source and the value of the systematic errors is not considered).
Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (?////The source and the value of the systematic errors is not considered).
Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (?////The source and the value of the systematic errors is not considered).
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The differential cross sections for the n+d elastic scattering and for the 2H(n,np)n break-up reaction in the np quasi-free scattering configuration was measured at 67 MeV. The experimental data are compared with results of the calculations based on a rigorous solution of the three-nucleon Faddeev equations using meson-exchange potentials. Good agreement is found between experiment and theory for the n+d elastic-scattering cross section while in the case of np quasi-free scattering the theoretical predictions overestimate the data at neutron angles larger than 40° by about 30%.
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CROSS SECTION FOR THE N P QUASI-FREE SCATTERING CONFIGURATION.
CROSS SECTION FOR THE N P QUASI-FREE SCATTERING CONFIGURATION.
Differential and double differential cross sections of positive pion production by 240 MeV protons on carbon and copper nuclei are measured. The energy dependence of differential cross section for copper nucleus at 90 deg angle within the 240-500 MeV energy range of protons and angular dependence of the integrated differential cross section are obtained. It is shown that the differential cross section at 250 MeV is 80 times less than that at 585 MeV
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Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (?////ERRORS IN ELECTRON DETECTION EFFICIENCY).
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Neutron-production double-differential cross sections for 870MeVπ+ and π− and 2.1GeVπ+ mesons incident on iron and lead targets were measured with NE213 liquid scintillators by time-of-flight technique. NE213 liquid scintillators 12.7cm in diameter and 12.7cm thick were placed in directions of 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150°. The typical flight path length was 1.5m. Neutron detection efficiencies were evaluated by calculation results of SCINFUL and CECIL codes. The experimental results were compared with JAERI quantum molecular dynamics code. For the meson incident reactions, adoption of NN in-medium effects was slightly useful for reproducing 870MeVπ+-incident neutron yields at neutron energies of 10–30MeV, as was the case for proton incident reactions. The π− incident reaction generates more neutrons than π+ incidence as the number of nucleons in targets decrease.
Neutron production cross section for 870 MeV PI+ on FE.
Neutron production cross section for 870 MeV PI+ on FE.
Neutron production cross section for 870 MeV PI- on FE.
Measurements were made at SLAC of the cross section for scattering 29 GeV electrons from carbon at a laboratory angle of 4.5 degrees, corresponding to 0.03<x<0.1 and 1.3<Q^2<2.7 GeV^2. Values of R=sigma_L/sigma_T were extracted in this kinematic range by comparing these data to cross sections measured at a higher beam energy by the NMC collaboration. The results are in reasonable agreement with pQCD calculations and with extrapolations of the R1990 parameterization of previous data. A new fit is made including these data and other recent results.
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Inelastic electron proton scattering has been measured by detecting the scattered electron, thus obtaining the total absorption cross section for virtual photons. Two complete spectra from threshold to a pion nucleon mass of W = 2 GeV were taken at θ e = 48.3° and fixed primary energies of 3.963 GeV and 5.159 GeV, respectively, corresponding to a momentum transfer at the first resonance of q 2 = 3.98 (GeV/ c ) 2 and q 2 = 5.84 (GeV/ c ) 2 . In addition, a measurement at θ e = 47.9° and at a primary energy of 3.306 GeV in the region of the first resonance is reported.
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The electroproduction of π0 on the proton was measured from 0 to 2.5 MeV above threshold for virtual-photon 4-momenta of -0.05 and -0.1 (GeV/c)2. The sum of the lowest-order contributing multipoles, a0=‖E0+‖2-εL‖L0+‖2, was determined with a precision an order of magnitude better than previously possible. Our results for a0 are consistent with present calculations. Our extracted value for ‖L0+‖2 at the ‘‘photon point’’ is in agreement with recent predictions.
Joined statistics for two incident electron energy of 300 and 500 MeV.
The reaction C12(e,e′pp) has been studied at an energy transfer ω=212MeV and a three-momentum transfer |q|=70MeV/c. The measured missing-energy spectrum shows a signature for knockout of proton pairs from (1p)2, (1p,1s), and (1s)2 states. A comparison of the data with a calculation, in which different processes leading to two-nucleon knockout are accounted for, shows that the measured cross section for the knockout of a (1p)2 pair can largely be attributed to short-range nucleon-nucleon correlations.
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Cross sections for deep-inelastic electron scattering from liquid deuterium, gaseous He4, and solid Be, C, Al, Ca, Fe, Ag, and Au targets were measured at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center using electrons with energies ranging from 8 to 24.5 GeV. These data cover a range in the Bjorken variable x from 0.089 to 0.8, and in momentum transfer Q2 from 2 to 15 (GeV/c)2. The ratios of cross sections per nucleon (σAσd)is for isoscalar nuclei have been extracted from the data. These ratios are greater than unity in the range 0.1<x<0.3, while for 0.3<x<0.8 they are less than unity and decrease logarithmically with atomic weight A, or linearly with average nuclear density. No Q2 dependence in the ratios was observed over the kinematic range of the data. These results are compared to various theoretical predictions.
Additional overall systematic error of 2.1 pct plus a target to target systematic error of 1 pct.
Additional overall systematic error of 2.1 pct plus a target to target systematic error of 2.1 pct.
Additional overall systematic error of 2.1 pct plus a target to target systematic error of 0.6 pct.
Cross sections for 180° inelastic electron scattering from deuterium were measured from breakup threshold to beyond the quasielastic peak for incident-beam energies of 0.843, 1.020, 1.189, and 1.281 GeV, corresponding to 0.75≤Q2≤2.57 (GeV/c)2. The data are in reasonable agreement with nonrelativistic models that include final-state interactions and meson-exchange currents. The scaling function F(y) for these data is generally in agreement with F(y) for forward-angle data at the same Q2. Values of GMn determined from the data are in good agreement with results from previous experiments.
Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (3.9 TO 12.0////).
Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (3.9 TO 12.0////).
Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (3.9 TO 12.0////).
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REID POTENTIAL AND SPECIAL PARAMETRIZATION FOR ELECTRIC FORMFACTOR OF NEUTRON HAVE BEEN USED.
REID POTENTIAL AND ELECTRIC FORMFACTOR OF NEUTRON EQUAL 0 HAVE BEEN USED.
PARIS POTENTIAL AND SPECIAL PARAMETRIZATION FOR ELECTRIC FORMFACTOR OF NEUTRON HAVE BEEN USED.
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This paper presents the results of the analysis of a single-arm inelastic-electron-scattering experiment at an angle of 4°. We present data on the turnon of scaling in the low-q2 region 0.1<q2<1.8, the neutron-proton comparison at large values of the scaling variable ω, resonance excitation, and the shadowing in scattering from heavy nuclei.
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We measured the elastic and inelastic scattering of electrons on deuterium at 180° for four incident energies (70, 140, 210 and 280 MeV). The data were analysed with a technique allowing an accurate comparison between experiment and theory. We observed a good agreement for the inelastic data with the expected cross section, using the presently available models and nucleon form factors. The experimental elastic cross section is systematically larger than the predicted cross sections.
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Axis error includes +- 3/3 contribution (ERROR IN EFFICIENCY).
The CDHS neutrino detector has been used to measure events originating in a tank of liquid hydrogen and in the iron of the detector. Total cross-sections, differential cross-sections, and structure functions are given for hydrogen and compared with those in iron. The measurements are in agreement with the expectations of the quark parton model. No significant differences indicative of nuclear binding effects in corresponding structure functions of protons and iron are observed. This may be of special interest in the case of the sea structure functions, since large differences are expected in some models.
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The x and Q 2 dependence of the single photon exchange cross section d 2 σ /d Q 2 d x and the proton structure functions F 2 ( x , Q 2 ) and R ( x , Q 2 ) have been measured in deep inelastic muon proton scattering in the region 0.02 < x < 0.8 and 3 < Q 2 < 190 GeV 2 . By comparing data at different incident muon energies R was found to have little kinematic dependence and an average value of −0.010 ± 0.037 (stat.) ± 0.102 (stat.). The observed deviations from scaling gave the value of Λ MS , the QCD mass scale parameter, to be 105 −45 +55 (stat.) −45 +85 (syst.) MeV. The fraction of the momentum of the nucleon carried by gluons was found to be ∼56% at Q 2 ∼22.5 GeV 2 . It is shown that to obtain a description of the data for F 2 ( x , Q 2 ) together with that measured in deep inelastic electron-proton scattering at lower Q 2 it is necessary to include additional higher twist contributions. The value of Λ MS remains unchanged with the inclusion of these contributions which were found to have an x -dependence of the form x 3 /(1 − x ).
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The inelastic scattering of muons has been measured using positive muons of momentum 10 GeV/c incident upon a liquid-hydrogen target. We present values of the differential cross section and of the virtual photon-photon absorption cross section for |q| in the range 0.05 to 1.2 (GeV/c)2 and for equivalent photon laboratory energies of 0.6 to 6.5 GeV.
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Measurements of the differential cross section for the inelastic scattering of 12-GeV/c muons on protons are reported. These measurements cover a kinematic range of |q2| (the square of the four-momentum transferred from the lepton) up to 4.0 (GeV/c)2 and of muon energy losses (ν) up to 9.0 GeV. Only the scattered muon is observed in an optical spark-chamber apparatus. The data are compared with electron-proton inelastic scattering, and analyzed in terms of possible lepton form factors and anomalous interactions. μ−p inelastic scattering is found to exhibit the same mild |q2| behavior as does e−p inelastic scattering. No experimentally significant deviation from the predictions of muon-electron universality has been found. If the ratio of muon to electron inelastic cross sections is parametrized by the form (1.0+|q2|ΛD2)−2, we find with 97.7% confidence that ΛD>4.1 GeV/c. The muon-proton cross sections on the average are slightly smaller than the electron-proton cross sections. This observation is not experimentally significant because such a difference might be caused by systematic errors, but this observation is used to speculate as to the most fruitful direction for future experiments.
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We have measured muon-proton deep inelastic scattering in the range 0.4<q2<3.6 (GeV/c)2. The data are consistent with muon-electron universality, and if the ratio ρ=νW2(μ−p)νW2(e−p) is fitted with the form ρ=N(1+q2Λ2)−2, we obtain N=0.997±0.043 and Λ−2=+0.006±0.016 (GeV/c)2. This result establishes that |Λ|>~5.1 GeV/c with 95% confidence.
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We report measurements of the ratio of the deep-inelastic electron-neutron to electron-proton differential cross sections in the threshold ( ω <3) region. The ratio was found to scale and to decrease monotically with decreasing ω . No violation of the quark model lower bound of 0.25 was observed in the ratio.
DATA ARE AVERAGED THROUG AVAILABLE KINEMATIC REGION.
Cross sections for inelastic scattering of electrons from hydrogen and deuterium were measured for incident energies from 4.5 to 18 GeV, at scattering angles of 18°, 26°, and 34°, and covering a range of squared four-momentum transfers up to 20 (GeVc)2. Neutron cross sections were extracted from the deuterium data using an impulse approximation. Comparisons with the proton measurements show significant differences between the neutron and proton cross sections.
Axis error includes +- 1/1 contribution (DUE TO ERRORS IN ABOVE CORRECTIONSFOR DEAD-TIME LOSSES, INEFFICIENCIES IN E- IDENTIFICATION).
The twofold differential cross section for the inelastic scattering of electrons on protons wa was measured as a function of the scattered electron energy for an electron scattering angle of 12°. The kinematic region covered in this experiment was 0.3 (GeV/ c ) 2 < q 2 < 1.0 (GeV/ c ) 2 and W < 2.9 GeV. The Bloom-Gilman as well as the constant scattering angle sum rule of Rittenberg and Rubinstein were tested.
Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (3.7 TO 5////UNCERTAINTIES IN TARGET DENSITY, TARGET DIAMETER, SOLID ANGLE, E- SCATTERING ANGLE, INCIDENT E- ENERGY, DEAD TIME CORRECTIONS, CONSTANT OF FARADAY-CUP INTEGRATOR EFFICIENCY OF SPARK CHAMBERS, RADIATIVE CORRECTIONS).
Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (3.7 TO 5////UNCERTAINTIES IN TARGET DENSITY, TARGET DIAMETER, SOLID ANGLE, E- SCATTERING ANGLE, INCIDENT E- ENERGY, DEAD TIME CORRECTIONS, CONSTANT OF FARADAY-CUP INTEGRATOR EFFICIENCY OF SPARK CHAMBERS, RADIATIVE CORRECTIONS).
Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (3.7 TO 5////UNCERTAINTIES IN TARGET DENSITY, TARGET DIAMETER, SOLID ANGLE, E- SCATTERING ANGLE, INCIDENT E- ENERGY, DEAD TIME CORRECTIONS, CONSTANT OF FARADAY-CUP INTEGRATOR EFFICIENCY OF SPARK CHAMBERS, RADIATIVE CORRECTIONS).
Differential cross sections for electrons scattered inelastically from hydrogen have been measured at 18°, 26°, and 34°. The range of incident energy was 4.5 to 18 GeV, and the range of four-momentum transfer squared was 1.5 to 21 (GeVc)2. With the use of these data in conjunction with previously measured data at 6° and 10°, the contributions from the longitudinal and transverse components of the exchanged photon have been separately determined. The values of the ratio of the photoabsorption cross sections σSσT are found to lie in the range 0 to 0.5. The question of scaling of 2MpW1 and νW2 as a function of ω is discussed, and scaling is verified for a large kinematic range. Also, a new scaling variable which reduces to ω in the Bjorken limit is introduced which extends the scaling region. The behavior of σT and σS is also discussed as a function of ν and q2. Various weighted sum rules of νW2 are evaluated.
Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (0. TO 2.////DUE TO PION CONTAMINATION).
Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (0. TO 2.////DUE TO PION CONTAMINATION).
Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (0. TO 2.////DUE TO PION CONTAMINATION).
Cross sections for inelastic scattering of electrons from hydrogen were measured for incident energies from 7 to 17 GeV at scattering angles of 6° to 10° covering a range of squared four-momentum transfers up to 7.4 (GeV/c)2. For low center-of-mass energies of the final hadronic system the cross section shows prominent resonances at low momentum transfer and diminishes markedly at higher momentum transfer. For high excitations the cross section shows only a weak momentum-transfer dependence.
Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (?////FROM UNCERTAINTY IN ELECTRON-DETECTION EFFICIENCY).
Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (?////FROM UNCERTAINTY IN ELECTRON-DETECTION EFFICIENCY).
Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (?////FROM UNCERTAINTY IN ELECTRON-DETECTION EFFICIENCY).
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Inelastic electron scattering cross sections have been measured for four-momentum transfers between 4.1 GeV 2 and 30.5 GeV 2 . At the large scattering angles of this experiment, the dominant contribution to the cross section comes from the W 1 structure function. In the conventional scaling variables, x and x ′, this structure function does not exhibit scaling behavior, and at fixed x or x ′ it is found to decrease with increasing four-momentum transfer.
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We have carried out an experimental study of the neutron and proton deep-inelastic electromagnetic structure functions. The structure functions were extracted from electron-proton and electron-deuteron differential cross sections measured in three experiments spanning the angles 6°, 10°, 15°, 18°, 19°, 26°, and 34°. We report primarily on the large-angle (15°-34°) measurements. Neutron cross sections were extracted from the deuteron data using an impulse approximation. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the nucleon is composed of pointlike constituents. The variation of the cross section with angle suggests that the hypothetical constituents have spin ½. The data for σnσp, the ratio of the neutron and proton differential cross sections, are in the range 0.25 to 1.0, and are within the limits imposed by the quark model. Detailed studies of the structure functions were made for a range of the scaling variable ω from ω=1.3 to ω=10.0, and for a range of invariant four-momentum transfer Q2 from 1.0 to 20.0 GeV2. These studies indicate that the structure functions approximately scale in the variable ω, although significant deviations from scaling in ω are apparent in the region 1.3<ω<3.3. These deviations from scaling are in the same direction and of similar magnitude for both neutron and proton. The interpretation of the data in terms of various theoretical models is discussed.
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We have measured inelastic electron-deuteron, electron-proton, and electron-aluminum cross sections at 10° in the kinematic region between elastic deuteron scattering and the second resonance region at six beam energies between 9.8 and 21 GeV. The elastic electron-neutron cross section was extracted from the quasielastic data at Q2=2.5,4.0,6.0,8.0, and 10.0 (GeV/c)2. The ratio of elastic cross sections σnσp falls with increasing Q2 above 6 (GeV/c)2. The inelastic data are compatible either with y scaling (scattering from a single nucleon) or with ξ scaling (scattering from quarks).
Elastic proton cross sections.
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We have measured the absolute cross sections of the electron-deuteron scattering at q2=3.5 F−2 and obtained the complete inelastic spectrum. Three points for each spectrum are given with a 4% accuracy. The scattering angles, 60° and 130°, were chosen to allow the separation between electric and magnetic scattering. Calculations of radiative corrections were made in order to permit the comparison of the spectra with the inelastic-scattering theories.
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