Abstract (data abstract)

We report a measurement of cumulants and correlation functions of event-by-event proton multiplicity distributions from fixed-target Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV measured by the STAR experiment. Protons are identified within the rapidity ($y$) and transverse momentum ($p_{\rm T}$) region $-0.9 < y <0$ and $0.4 < p_{\rm T} <2.0 $ GeV/$c$ in the center-of-mass frame. A systematic analysis of the proton cumulants and correlation functions up to sixth order as well as the corresponding ratios as a function of the collision centrality, $p_{\rm T}$,andy are presented. The effect of pileup and initial volume fluctuations on these observables and the respective corrections are discussed in detail. The results are compared to calculations from the hadronic transport UrQMD model as well as a hydrodynamic model. In the most central 5% collisions, the value of proton cumulant ratio $C_4/C_2$ is negative, drastically different from the values observed in Au+Au collisions at higher energies. Compared to model calculations including lattice QCD, a hadronic transport model, and a hydrodynamic model, the strong suppression in the ratio of $C_4/C_2$ at 3 GeV Au+Au collisions indicates an energy regime dominated by hadronic interactions.

Table 1 data

Data from table 1

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t1

The uncorrected number of charged particles except protons ($N_{\rm ch}$) within the pseudorapidity $−2<\eta<0$ used for the centrality selection for...
Table 2 data

Data from table 2

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t2

The centrality definition determined by $N_{\rm part}$ in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV from the UrQMD model....
Table 4 data

Data from table 4

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t3

Main contributors to systematic uncertainty to the proton cumulant ratios: $C_2/C_1$, $C_3/C_2$,and $C_4/C_2$ from 0–5% central 3 GeV Au+Au collisions....
figure 1 data

Data from figure 1

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t4

Reference multiplicity distributions obtained from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV data (black markers), Glauber model (red histogram),...
figure 1 model

Model results from figure 1

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t5

Reference multiplicity distributions obtained from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV data (black markers), Glauber model (red histogram),...
figure 4 CBWC

Data with CBWC from figure 4

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t6

Proton cumulants as a function of reference multiplicity (black circles) from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Centrality-binned results...
figure 4 FineBin

Fine bin results of data from figure 4

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t7

Proton cumulants as a function of reference multiplicity (black circles) from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Centrality-binned results...
figure 4 NoCBWC

Data without CBWC from figure 4

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t8

Proton cumulants as a function of reference multiplicity (black circles) from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Centrality-binned results...
figure 6 FineBin

Fine bin results from figure 6

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t9

Proton cumulants as a function of reference multiplicity from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Pileup corrected and uncorrected...
figure 6 WiderBin

Wider bin results from figure 6

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t10

Proton cumulants as a function of reference multiplicity from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Pileup corrected and uncorrected...
figure 7 FineBin

Fine bin results from figure 7

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t11

Ratios of proton cumulants as a function of reference multiplicity from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Pileup corrected...
figure 7 WiderBin

Wider bin results from figure 7

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t12

Ratios of proton cumulants as a function of reference multiplicity from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Pileup corrected...
figure 10

UrQMD results from figure 10

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t13

UrQMD results of the proton cumulant ratios up to sixth order in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$= 3 GeV. The...
figure 10 3fm

UrQMD results with $b < 3$fm from figure 10

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t14

UrQMD results of the proton cumulant ratios up to sixth order in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$= 3 GeV. The...
figure 11 FineBin

Fine bins results from figure 11

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t15

Proton cumulants up to sixth order in $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Data without volume fluctuation correction is...
figure 11 WiderBin

Wider results from figure 11

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t16

Proton cumulants up to sixth order in $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Data without volume fluctuation correction is...
figure 12 FineBin

Fine bin results from figure 12

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t17

Proton cumulant ratios up to sixth order in $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Data without volume fluctuation correction...
figure 12 WiderBin

Wider bin results from figure 12

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t18

Proton cumulant ratios up to sixth order in $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Data without volume fluctuation correction...
figure 13

UrQMD results from figure 13

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t19

UrQMD results of proton cumulant ratios up to sixth order in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV. The...
figure 14 Corr

Data with VF corr. from figure 14

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t20

Experimental results on centrality dependence of cumulants (left panels) and cumulant ratios (right panels) up to sixth order of the...
figure 14 without Corr

Data without VF corr. from figure 14

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t21

Experimental results on centrality dependence of cumulants (left panels) and cumulant ratios (right panels) up to sixth order of the...
figure 15 Corr

Data with VF corr. from figure 15

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t22

Same as Fig. 14 but for correlation function (left panels) and their normalized ratios (right panels).
figure 15 without Corr

Data without VF corr. from figure 15

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t23

Same as Fig. 14 but for correlation function (left panels) and their normalized ratios (right panels).
figure 16 data

Data from figure 16

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t24

Cumulants and cumulant ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV. The transverse momentum...
figure 16 UrQMD

UrQMD from figure 16

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t25

Cumulants and cumulant ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV. The transverse momentum...
figure 17 data

Data from figure 17

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t26

Same as Fig. 16 but for correlation functions and correlation function ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at...
figure 17 UrQMD

UrQMD from figure 17

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t27

Same as Fig. 16 but for correlation functions and correlation function ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at...
figure 18 data pt dependence

Data $p_{\rm T}$ dependence from figure 18

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t28

The transverse-momentum and rapidity dependence of cumulant ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3...
figure 18 data y dependence

Data $y$ dependence from figure 18

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t29

The transverse-momentum and rapidity dependence of cumulant ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3...
figure 18 UrQMD pt dependence

UrQMD $p_{\rm T}$ dependence from figure 18

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t30

The transverse-momentum and rapidity dependence of cumulant ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3...
figure 18 UrQMD y dependence

UrQMD $y$ dependence from figure 18

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t31

The transverse-momentum and rapidity dependence of cumulant ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3...
figure 19 data y dependence

Data $y$ dependence from figure 19

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t32

As in Fig. 18 but for transverse-momentum and rapidity dependence of correlation function ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au...
figure 19 data pt dependence

Data $p_{\rm T}$ dependence from figure 19

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t33

As in Fig. 18 but for transverse-momentum and rapidity dependence of correlation function ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au...
figure 19 UrQMD y dependence

UrQMD $y$ dependence from figure 19

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t34

As in Fig. 18 but for transverse-momentum and rapidity dependence of correlation function ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au...
figure 19 UrQMD pt dependence

UrQMD $p_{\rm T}$ dependence from figure 19

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t35

As in Fig. 18 but for transverse-momentum and rapidity dependence of correlation function ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au...
figure 20 data 3 GeV proton -0.5<y<0

Data of 3GeV proton $-0.5<y<0$ from figure 20

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t36

Collision energy dependence of the cumulant ratios: $C_2/C_1=\sigma/M$, $C_3/C_2=S\sigma$, and $C_4/C_2=\kappa\sigma^2$, for protons (open squares) and net protons (red circles)...
figure 20 data |y|<0.5

Data of net-proton and proton with $|y|<0.5$ from figure 20

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t37

Collision energy dependence of the cumulant ratios: $C_2/C_1=\sigma/M$, $C_3/C_2=S\sigma$, and $C_4/C_2=\kappa\sigma^2$, for protons (open squares) and net protons (red circles)...
figure 20 Hydro 3 GeV -0.5<y<0

Hydro calculation at 3GeV with $-0.5<y<0$ from figure 20

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t38

Collision energy dependence of the cumulant ratios: $C_2/C_1=\sigma/M$, $C_3/C_2=S\sigma$, and $C_4/C_2=\kappa\sigma^2$, for protons (open squares) and net protons (red circles)...
figure 20 Hydro |y|<0.5

Hydro calculation with $|y|$<0.5 from figure 20

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t39

Collision energy dependence of the cumulant ratios: $C_2/C_1=\sigma/M$, $C_3/C_2=S\sigma$, and $C_4/C_2=\kappa\sigma^2$, for protons (open squares) and net protons (red circles)...
figure 20 UrQMD 3 GeV proton -0.5<y<0

UrQMD proton at 3GeV with $-0.5<y<0$ from figure 20

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t40

Collision energy dependence of the cumulant ratios: $C_2/C_1=\sigma/M$, $C_3/C_2=S\sigma$, and $C_4/C_2=\kappa\sigma^2$, for protons (open squares) and net protons (red circles)...
figure 20 UrQMD |y|<0.5

UrQMD with $|y|<0.5$ from figure 20

10.17182/hepdata.134023.v1/t41

Collision energy dependence of the cumulant ratios: $C_2/C_1=\sigma/M$, $C_3/C_2=S\sigma$, and $C_4/C_2=\kappa\sigma^2$, for protons (open squares) and net protons (red circles)...

Table 1 data

Table 2 data

Table 4 data

figure 1 data

figure 1 model

figure 4 CBWC

figure 4 FineBin

figure 4 NoCBWC

figure 6 FineBin

figure 6 WiderBin

figure 7 FineBin

figure 7 WiderBin

figure 10

figure 10 3fm

figure 11 FineBin

figure 11 WiderBin

figure 12 FineBin

figure 12 WiderBin

figure 13

figure 14 Corr

figure 14 without Corr

figure 15 Corr

figure 15 without Corr

figure 16 data

figure 16 UrQMD

figure 17 data

figure 17 UrQMD

figure 18 data pt dependence

figure 18 data y dependence

figure 18 UrQMD pt dependence

figure 18 UrQMD y dependence

figure 19 data y dependence

figure 19 data pt dependence

figure 19 UrQMD y dependence

figure 19 UrQMD pt dependence

figure 20 data 3 GeV proton -0.5<y<0

figure 20 data |y|<0.5

figure 20 Hydro 3 GeV -0.5<y<0

figure 20 Hydro |y|<0.5

figure 20 UrQMD 3 GeV proton -0.5<y<0

figure 20 UrQMD |y|<0.5

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