$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\pi^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.9 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\pi^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 4.5 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\pi^{-}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\pi^{-}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.2 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\pi^{-}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.5 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\pi^{-}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.9 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\pi^{-}$ in Au+Au collisions at 4.5 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.2 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.5 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.9 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 4.5 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{-}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{-}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.2 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{-}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.5 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{-}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.9 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{-}$ in Au+Au collisions at 4.5 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{0}_{S}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{0}_{S}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.2 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{0}_{S}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.5 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{0}_{S}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.9 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{0}_{S}$ in Au+Au collisions at 4.5 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $p$ in Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $p$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.2 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $p$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.5 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $p$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.9 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $p$ in Au+Au collisions at 4.5 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\Lambda$ in Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\Lambda$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.2 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\Lambda$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.5 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\Lambda$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.9 GeV

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\Lambda$ in Au+Au collisions at 4.5 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\pi^{+}$ at 3 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\pi^{+}$ at 3.2 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\pi^{+}$ at 3.5 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\pi^{+}$ at 3.9 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\pi^{+}$ at 4.5 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\pi^{-}$ at 3 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\pi^{-}$ at 3.2 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\pi^{-}$ at 3.5 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\pi^{-}$ at 3.9 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\pi^{-}$ at 4.5 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{+}$ at 3 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{+}$ at 3.2 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{+}$ at 3.5 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{+}$ at 3.9 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{+}$ at 4.5 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{-}$ at 3 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{-}$ at 3.2 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{-}$ at 3.5 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{-}$ at 3.9 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{-}$ at 4.5 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{0}_{S}$ at 3 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{0}_{S}$ at 3.2 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{0}_{S}$ at 3.5 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{0}_{S}$ at 3.9 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{0}_{S}$ at 4.5 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $p$ at 3 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $p$ at 3.2 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $p$ at 3.5 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $p$ at 3.9 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $p$ at 4.5 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\Lambda$ at 3 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\Lambda$ at 3.2 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\Lambda$ at 3.5 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\Lambda$ at 3.9 GeV

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\Lambda$ at 4.5 GeV

The energy dependence of $p_T$ integrated $v_2$ for $\pi^{\pm}$, $K^{\pm}$, $K^{0}_{S}$, $p$, and $\Lambda$ in 10-40\% centrality from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}$ = 3.0, 3.2, 3.5, 3.9, and 4.5 GeV.

The energy dependence of $n_{q}$ scaled $v_{2}$ ratios of $v_{2}^{q}(\pi^{+}) / v_{2}^{q}(K^{+})$ and $v_{2}^{q}(p) / v_{2}^{q}(K^{+})$ at ($m_T - m_0$)/$n_q$ = 0.4 GeV/$c^2$

Mean transverse momentum $\langle p_{T} \rangle$ for $\Lambda$ and $K^{0}_{S}$ at mid-rapidity as a function of $N_{\text{part}}$ at 3 GeV.

Hadron 4$\pi$ yields per mean number of participants yield as a function of $N_{\text{part}}$.

Mid-rapidity yield ratios of $\Lambda/p$, $\Xi/\Lambda$, and $K^0_{S}/\Lambda$ at 3 GeV.

The transverse-momentum spectra of $\Lambda$ for different rapidities.

The transverse-momentum spectra of $\Lambda$ for different rapidities.

The transverse-momentum spectra of $\Lambda$ for different rapidities.

The transverse-momentum spectra of $\Lambda$ for different rapidities.

The transverse-momentum spectra of $\Lambda$ for different rapidities.

The transverse-momentum spectra of $\Lambda$ for different rapidities.

The transverse-momentum spectra of $K^{0}_{S}$ for different rapidities.

The transverse-momentum spectra of $K^{0}_{S}$ for different rapidities.

The transverse-momentum spectra of $K^{0}_{S}$ for different rapidities.

The transverse-momentum spectra of $K^{0}_{S}$ for different rapidities.

The transverse-momentum spectra of $K^{0}_{S}$ for different rapidities.

The transverse-momentum spectra of $K^{0}_{S}$ for different rapidities.

Hadron mass dependence of mean transverse momentum $\langle p_{T} \rangle$.

$v_3\{\Psi_1\}$ vs. rapidity for protons in three large centrality bins from a symmetric acceptance across midrapidity in $\sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}}=3$ GeV Au+Au collisions at STAR. Protons exhibit an increasingly negative slope as the centrality increases.

$v_3\{\Psi_1\}$ vs. rapidity for protons in three large centrality bins from only the backward region in $\sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}}=3$ GeV Au+Au collisions at STAR. Note that the $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ acceptance extends to a lower limit than in Fig. 6.

$v_3\{\Psi_1\}$ vs. $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ for protons in three large centrality bins in $\sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}}=3$ GeV Au+Au collisions at STAR. $v_3\{\Psi_1\}$ becomes increasingly negative as $p_{\mathrm{T}}$ and centrality increase.

Mass dependence of the mid-rapidity $v_1$ slope, $dv_1/dy$, for $\Lambda$, $^{3}_{\Lambda}$H and $^{4}_{\Lambda}$H from the $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3 GeV 5-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions. The statistical and systematic uncertainties are presented by vertical lines and square brackets, respectively. The slopes of $p$, $d$, $t$, $^3$He and $^4$He from the same collisions are shown as black circles. The blue and dashed green lines are the results of a linear fit to the measured light nuclei and hypernuclei $v_1$ slopes, respectively. For comparison, calculations of transport models plus coalescence afterburner are shown as gold and red bars from JAM model, and blue bars from UrQMD model.

Mass dependence of the mid-rapidity $v_1$ slope, $dv_1/dy$, for $\Lambda$, $^{3}_{\Lambda}$H and $^{4}_{\Lambda}$H from the $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3 GeV 5-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions. The statistical and systematic uncertainties are presented by vertical lines and square brackets, respectively. The slopes of $p$, $d$, $t$, $^3$He and $^4$He from the same collisions are shown as black circles. The blue and dashed green lines are the results of a linear fit to the measured light nuclei and hypernuclei $v_1$ slopes, respectively. For comparison, calculations of transport models plus coalescence afterburner are shown as gold and red bars from JAM model, and blue bars from UrQMD model.

Mass dependence of the mid-rapidity $v_1$ slope, $dv_1/dy$, for $\Lambda$, $^{3}_{\Lambda}$H and $^{4}_{\Lambda}$H from the $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3 GeV 5-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions. The statistical and systematic uncertainties are presented by vertical lines and square brackets, respectively. The slopes of $p$, $d$, $t$, $^3$He and $^4$He from the same collisions are shown as black circles. The blue and dashed green lines are the results of a linear fit to the measured light nuclei and hypernuclei $v_1$ slopes, respectively. For comparison, calculations of transport models plus coalescence afterburner are shown as gold and red bars from JAM model, and blue bars from UrQMD model.

Mass dependence of the mid-rapidity $v_1$ slope, $dv_1/dy$, for $\Lambda$, $^{3}_{\Lambda}$H and $^{4}_{\Lambda}$H from the $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3 GeV 5-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions. The statistical and systematic uncertainties are presented by vertical lines and square brackets, respectively. The slopes of $p$, $d$, $t$, $^3$He and $^4$He from the same collisions are shown as black circles. The blue and dashed green lines are the results of a linear fit to the measured light nuclei and hypernuclei $v_1$ slopes, respectively. For comparison, calculations of transport models plus coalescence afterburner are shown as gold and red bars from JAM model, and blue bars from UrQMD model.

Mass dependence of the mid-rapidity $v_1$ slope, $dv_1/dy$, for $\Lambda$, $^{3}_{\Lambda}$H and $^{4}_{\Lambda}$H from the $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3 GeV 5-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions. The statistical and systematic uncertainties are presented by vertical lines and square brackets, respectively. The slopes of $p$, $d$, $t$, $^3$He and $^4$He from the same collisions are shown as black circles. The blue and dashed green lines are the results of a linear fit to the measured light nuclei and hypernuclei $v_1$ slopes, respectively. For comparison, calculations of transport models plus coalescence afterburner are shown as gold and red bars from JAM model, and blue bars from UrQMD model.

Reference multiplicity distributions obtained from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV data (black markers), Glauber model (red histogram), and unfolding approach to separate single and pileup contributions. Vertical lines represent statistical uncertainties. Single, pileup, and single+pileup collisions are shown in solid blue markers, dashed green, and dashed pink lines, respectively. The 0–5% central events and 5–60% mid-central to peripheral events are indicated by black arrows. The ratio of the single+pileup to the measured multiplicity distribution is shown in the lower panel.

Reference multiplicity distributions obtained from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV data (black markers), Glauber model (red histogram), and unfolding approach to separate single and pileup contributions. Vertical lines represent statistical uncertainties. Single, pileup, and single+pileup collisions are shown in solid blue markers, dashed green, and dashed pink lines, respectively. The 0–5% central events and 5–60% mid-central to peripheral events are indicated by black arrows. The ratio of the single+pileup to the measured multiplicity distribution is shown in the lower panel.

Proton cumulants as a function of reference multiplicity (black circles) from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Centrality-binned results with and without centrality bin width corrections are represented by red circles and blue squares, respectively. Vertical dashed lines indicate the centrality classes, from right to left: 0–5%, 5–10%, 10–20%. Data points in this figure are only corrected for detector efficiency but not for the pileup effect, which will be discussed in a later section.

Proton cumulants as a function of reference multiplicity (black circles) from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Centrality-binned results with and without centrality bin width corrections are represented by red circles and blue squares, respectively. Vertical dashed lines indicate the centrality classes, from right to left: 0–5%, 5–10%, 10–20%. Data points in this figure are only corrected for detector efficiency but not for the pileup effect, which will be discussed in a later section.

Proton cumulants as a function of reference multiplicity (black circles) from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Centrality-binned results with and without centrality bin width corrections are represented by red circles and blue squares, respectively. Vertical dashed lines indicate the centrality classes, from right to left: 0–5%, 5–10%, 10–20%. Data points in this figure are only corrected for detector efficiency but not for the pileup effect, which will be discussed in a later section.

Proton cumulants as a function of reference multiplicity from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Pileup corrected and uncorrected cumulants as a function of reference multiplicity are represented by black circles and blue open squares, respectively. Red circles and blue-filled squares represent the results of centrality binned data.

Proton cumulants as a function of reference multiplicity from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Pileup corrected and uncorrected cumulants as a function of reference multiplicity are represented by black circles and blue open squares, respectively. Red circles and blue-filled squares represent the results of centrality binned data.

Ratios of proton cumulants as a function of reference multiplicity from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Pileup corrected and uncorrected cumulants are represented by black circles and blue open squares, respectively. Red circles and blue-filled squares represent the results of centrality binned data.

Ratios of proton cumulants as a function of reference multiplicity from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Pileup corrected and uncorrected cumulants are represented by black circles and blue open squares, respectively. Red circles and blue-filled squares represent the results of centrality binned data.

UrQMD results of the proton cumulant ratios up to sixth order in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$= 3 GeV. The black circles are without VF correction while blue squares and red triangles are results with VFC which used $N_{\rm part}$ distributions from UrQMD and Glauber models, respectively. The blue crosses are calculations using UrQMD events with b $\leq$ 3 fm. The above results are applied CBWC except for the one (blue crosses) using b $\leq$3 fm events.

UrQMD results of the proton cumulant ratios up to sixth order in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$= 3 GeV. The black circles are without VF correction while blue squares and red triangles are results with VFC which used $N_{\rm part}$ distributions from UrQMD and Glauber models, respectively. The blue crosses are calculations using UrQMD events with b $\leq$ 3 fm. The above results are applied CBWC except for the one (blue crosses) using b $\leq$3 fm events.

Proton cumulants up to sixth order in $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Data without volume fluctuation correction is shown as grey open squares while data with volume fluctuation correction using $N_{\rm part}$ distributions from Glauber and UrQMD models are shown as black circles and black open triangles, respectively. The corresponding centrality binned cumulants are shown in blue squares, red circles, and orange triangles, respectively. Similarly to Fig. 6, the vertical dashed lines indicate the centrality classes.

Proton cumulants up to sixth order in $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Data without volume fluctuation correction is shown as grey open squares while data with volume fluctuation correction using $N_{\rm part}$ distributions from Glauber and UrQMD models are shown as black circles and black open triangles, respectively. The corresponding centrality binned cumulants are shown in blue squares, red circles, and orange triangles, respectively. Similarly to Fig. 6, the vertical dashed lines indicate the centrality classes.

Proton cumulant ratios up to sixth order in $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Data without volume fluctuation correction are shown as grey open squares while data with volume fluctuation correction using $N_{\rm part}$ distributions from Glauber and UrQMD models are shown as black circles and black open triangles, respectively. The corresponding centrality binned cumulants are shown in blue squares, red circles, and orange triangles, respectively. Similarly to Fig. 6, the vertical dashed lines indicate the centrality classes.

Proton cumulant ratios up to sixth order in $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. Data without volume fluctuation correction are shown as grey open squares while data with volume fluctuation correction using $N_{\rm part}$ distributions from Glauber and UrQMD models are shown as black circles and black open triangles, respectively. The corresponding centrality binned cumulants are shown in blue squares, red circles, and orange triangles, respectively. Similarly to Fig. 6, the vertical dashed lines indicate the centrality classes.

UrQMD results of proton cumulant ratios up to sixth order in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV. The vertical dashed lines indicate the centrality classes.

Experimental results on centrality dependence of cumulants (left panels) and cumulant ratios (right panels) up to sixth order of the proton multiplicity distributions in Au+Au collisions at $N_{\rm part}$ = 3 GeV. The open squares are data without VF correction while red circles and blue triangles are results with VF correction with $N_{\rm part}$ distributions from Glauber and UrQMD models, respectively.

Experimental results on centrality dependence of cumulants (left panels) and cumulant ratios (right panels) up to sixth order of the proton multiplicity distributions in Au+Au collisions at $N_{\rm part}$ = 3 GeV. The open squares are data without VF correction while red circles and blue triangles are results with VF correction with $N_{\rm part}$ distributions from Glauber and UrQMD models, respectively.

Same as Fig. 14 but for correlation function (left panels) and their normalized ratios (right panels).

Same as Fig. 14 but for correlation function (left panels) and their normalized ratios (right panels).

Cumulants and cumulant ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV. The transverse momentum window is $p_{\rm T}$ from $0.4<p_{\rm T}<2.0$ GeV/$c$ and the rapidity window is $−0.5<y<0$. Statistical and systematic uncertainties are represented by black and gray bars, respectively. UrQMD predictions are depicted by gold bands.

Cumulants and cumulant ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV. The transverse momentum window is $p_{\rm T}$ from $0.4<p_{\rm T}<2.0$ GeV/$c$ and the rapidity window is $−0.5<y<0$. Statistical and systematic uncertainties are represented by black and gray bars, respectively. UrQMD predictions are depicted by gold bands.

Same as Fig. 16 but for correlation functions and correlation function ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV.

Same as Fig. 16 but for correlation functions and correlation function ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV.

The transverse-momentum and rapidity dependence of cumulant ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV. In the left column, the $p_{\rm T}$ analysis window is $0.4<p_{\rm T}<2.0$ GeV/$c$ while the rapidity window is varied in the range $y_{\rm min}<y<0$. In the right column, the rapidit$y$ analysis window is $−0.5<y<0$ while the $p_{\rm T}$ is varied in the range $0.4<p_{\rm T}<p_{\rm T}^{\rm max}$ GeV/$c$. The most central (0–5%) and peripheral (50–60%) events are depicted by black squares and blue triangles, respectively. Statistical and systematic uncertainties are represented by black and gray bars, respectively. UrQMD simulations for the top 0–5% and 50–60% are shown by gold and blue bands, respectively.

The transverse-momentum and rapidity dependence of cumulant ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV. In the left column, the $p_{\rm T}$ analysis window is $0.4<p_{\rm T}<2.0$ GeV/$c$ while the rapidity window is varied in the range $y_{\rm min}<y<0$. In the right column, the rapidit$y$ analysis window is $−0.5<y<0$ while the $p_{\rm T}$ is varied in the range $0.4<p_{\rm T}<p_{\rm T}^{\rm max}$ GeV/$c$. The most central (0–5%) and peripheral (50–60%) events are depicted by black squares and blue triangles, respectively. Statistical and systematic uncertainties are represented by black and gray bars, respectively. UrQMD simulations for the top 0–5% and 50–60% are shown by gold and blue bands, respectively.

The transverse-momentum and rapidity dependence of cumulant ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV. In the left column, the $p_{\rm T}$ analysis window is $0.4<p_{\rm T}<2.0$ GeV/$c$ while the rapidity window is varied in the range $y_{\rm min}<y<0$. In the right column, the rapidit$y$ analysis window is $−0.5<y<0$ while the $p_{\rm T}$ is varied in the range $0.4<p_{\rm T}<p_{\rm T}^{\rm max}$ GeV/$c$. The most central (0–5%) and peripheral (50–60%) events are depicted by black squares and blue triangles, respectively. Statistical and systematic uncertainties are represented by black and gray bars, respectively. UrQMD simulations for the top 0–5% and 50–60% are shown by gold and blue bands, respectively.

The transverse-momentum and rapidity dependence of cumulant ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV. In the left column, the $p_{\rm T}$ analysis window is $0.4<p_{\rm T}<2.0$ GeV/$c$ while the rapidity window is varied in the range $y_{\rm min}<y<0$. In the right column, the rapidit$y$ analysis window is $−0.5<y<0$ while the $p_{\rm T}$ is varied in the range $0.4<p_{\rm T}<p_{\rm T}^{\rm max}$ GeV/$c$. The most central (0–5%) and peripheral (50–60%) events are depicted by black squares and blue triangles, respectively. Statistical and systematic uncertainties are represented by black and gray bars, respectively. UrQMD simulations for the top 0–5% and 50–60% are shown by gold and blue bands, respectively.

As in Fig. 18 but for transverse-momentum and rapidity dependence of correlation function ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV.

As in Fig. 18 but for transverse-momentum and rapidity dependence of correlation function ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV.

As in Fig. 18 but for transverse-momentum and rapidity dependence of correlation function ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV.

As in Fig. 18 but for transverse-momentum and rapidity dependence of correlation function ratios of proton multiplicity distributions for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV.

Collision energy dependence of the cumulant ratios: $C_2/C_1=\sigma/M$, $C_3/C_2=S\sigma$, and $C_4/C_2=\kappa\sigma^2$, for protons (open squares) and net protons (red circles) from top 0–5% (top panels) and 50–60% (bottom panels) Au+Au collisions at RHIC. The points for protons are shifted horizontally for clarity. The new result for protons from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions is shown as a filled square. UrQMD results with $|y|<0.5$ for protons are shown as gold bands while those for net protons are shown as green dashed lines or green bands. At 3GeV, the model results for protons (−0.5) are shown as blue crosses. UrQMD results of proton and net-proton $C_4/C_2$, see right panels, are almost totally overlapped. The open cross is the result of the model with a fixed impact parameter $b < 3$ fm. The hydrodynamic calculations, for 5% central Au+Au collisions, for protons from $|y|<0.5$ are shown as dashed red linea and the result of the 3 GeV protons from $−0.5<y<0$ is shown as an open red star.

Collision energy dependence of the cumulant ratios: $C_2/C_1=\sigma/M$, $C_3/C_2=S\sigma$, and $C_4/C_2=\kappa\sigma^2$, for protons (open squares) and net protons (red circles) from top 0–5% (top panels) and 50–60% (bottom panels) Au+Au collisions at RHIC. The points for protons are shifted horizontally for clarity. The new result for protons from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions is shown as a filled square. UrQMD results with $|y|<0.5$ for protons are shown as gold bands while those for net protons are shown as green dashed lines or green bands. At 3GeV, the model results for protons (−0.5) are shown as blue crosses. UrQMD results of proton and net-proton $C_4/C_2$, see right panels, are almost totally overlapped. The open cross is the result of the model with a fixed impact parameter $b < 3$ fm. The hydrodynamic calculations, for 5% central Au+Au collisions, for protons from $|y|<0.5$ are shown as dashed red linea and the result of the 3 GeV protons from $−0.5<y<0$ is shown as an open red star.

Collision energy dependence of the cumulant ratios: $C_2/C_1=\sigma/M$, $C_3/C_2=S\sigma$, and $C_4/C_2=\kappa\sigma^2$, for protons (open squares) and net protons (red circles) from top 0–5% (top panels) and 50–60% (bottom panels) Au+Au collisions at RHIC. The points for protons are shifted horizontally for clarity. The new result for protons from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions is shown as a filled square. UrQMD results with $|y|<0.5$ for protons are shown as gold bands while those for net protons are shown as green dashed lines or green bands. At 3GeV, the model results for protons (−0.5) are shown as blue crosses. UrQMD results of proton and net-proton $C_4/C_2$, see right panels, are almost totally overlapped. The open cross is the result of the model with a fixed impact parameter $b < 3$ fm. The hydrodynamic calculations, for 5% central Au+Au collisions, for protons from $|y|<0.5$ are shown as dashed red linea and the result of the 3 GeV protons from $−0.5<y<0$ is shown as an open red star.

Collision energy dependence of the cumulant ratios: $C_2/C_1=\sigma/M$, $C_3/C_2=S\sigma$, and $C_4/C_2=\kappa\sigma^2$, for protons (open squares) and net protons (red circles) from top 0–5% (top panels) and 50–60% (bottom panels) Au+Au collisions at RHIC. The points for protons are shifted horizontally for clarity. The new result for protons from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions is shown as a filled square. UrQMD results with $|y|<0.5$ for protons are shown as gold bands while those for net protons are shown as green dashed lines or green bands. At 3GeV, the model results for protons (−0.5) are shown as blue crosses. UrQMD results of proton and net-proton $C_4/C_2$, see right panels, are almost totally overlapped. The open cross is the result of the model with a fixed impact parameter $b < 3$ fm. The hydrodynamic calculations, for 5% central Au+Au collisions, for protons from $|y|<0.5$ are shown as dashed red linea and the result of the 3 GeV protons from $−0.5<y<0$ is shown as an open red star.

Collision energy dependence of the cumulant ratios: $C_2/C_1=\sigma/M$, $C_3/C_2=S\sigma$, and $C_4/C_2=\kappa\sigma^2$, for protons (open squares) and net protons (red circles) from top 0–5% (top panels) and 50–60% (bottom panels) Au+Au collisions at RHIC. The points for protons are shifted horizontally for clarity. The new result for protons from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions is shown as a filled square. UrQMD results with $|y|<0.5$ for protons are shown as gold bands while those for net protons are shown as green dashed lines or green bands. At 3GeV, the model results for protons (−0.5) are shown as blue crosses. UrQMD results of proton and net-proton $C_4/C_2$, see right panels, are almost totally overlapped. The open cross is the result of the model with a fixed impact parameter $b < 3$ fm. The hydrodynamic calculations, for 5% central Au+Au collisions, for protons from $|y|<0.5$ are shown as dashed red linea and the result of the 3 GeV protons from $−0.5<y<0$ is shown as an open red star.

Collision energy dependence of the cumulant ratios: $C_2/C_1=\sigma/M$, $C_3/C_2=S\sigma$, and $C_4/C_2=\kappa\sigma^2$, for protons (open squares) and net protons (red circles) from top 0–5% (top panels) and 50–60% (bottom panels) Au+Au collisions at RHIC. The points for protons are shifted horizontally for clarity. The new result for protons from $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions is shown as a filled square. UrQMD results with $|y|<0.5$ for protons are shown as gold bands while those for net protons are shown as green dashed lines or green bands. At 3GeV, the model results for protons (−0.5) are shown as blue crosses. UrQMD results of proton and net-proton $C_4/C_2$, see right panels, are almost totally overlapped. The open cross is the result of the model with a fixed impact parameter $b < 3$ fm. The hydrodynamic calculations, for 5% central Au+Au collisions, for protons from $|y|<0.5$ are shown as dashed red linea and the result of the 3 GeV protons from $−0.5<y<0$ is shown as an open red star.

The $p_{T}$ dependencies of $v_{1}$ within $-0.4<y<-0.1$ for $t$ in 10-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.

The rapidity and $p_{T}$ dependencies of $v_{1}$ for $^{3}$He in 10-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.

The $p_{T}$ dependencies of $v_{1}$ within $-0.1<y<0$ for $^4$He in 10-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.

The $p_{T}$ dependencies of $v_{1}$ within $-0.4<y<-0.1$ for $^{4}$He in 10-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.

The rapidity and $p_{T}$ dependencies of $v_{2}$ for $p$ in 10-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.

The rapidity and $p_{T}$ dependencies of $v_{2}$ for $d$ in 10-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.

The $p_{T}$ dependencies of $v_{2}$ within $-0.1<y<0$ for $t$ in 10-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.

The $p_{T}$ dependencies of $v_{2}$ within $-0.4<y<-0.1$ for $t$ in 10-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.

The rapidity and $p_{T}$ dependencies of $v_{2}$ for $^{3}$He in 10-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.

The $p_{T}$ dependencies of $v_{2}$ within $-0.1<y<0$ for $^4$He in 10-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.

The $p_{T}$ dependencies of $v_{2}$ within $-0.4<y<-0.1$ for $^{4}$He in 10-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.

The rapidity dependencies of $v_{1}$ for $p$, $d$, and $^{3}$He in 10-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.

The rapidity dependencies of $v_{1}$ for $t$ and $^{4}$He in 10-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.

The rapidity dependencies of $v_{1}$ from JAM plus coalescence calculations in 10-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.

The rapidity dependencies of $v_{2}$ for $p$, $d$, and $^{3}$He in 10-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.

The rapidity dependencies of $v_{2}$ for $t$ and $^{4}$He in 10-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.

The rapidity dependencies of $v_{2}$ from JAM plus coalescence calculations in 10-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.

Light nucleus scaled $v_{1}$ slopes as a function os collision energy in 10-40 mid-cantral Au+Au collisions.

Light nucleus scaled $v_{1}$ slopes from JAM plus coalescence in 10-40 mid-cantral Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.

Centrality dependence of the proton cumulant ratios for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3.0 GeV. Protons are from $-0.5 < y < 0$ and $0.4 < p_{T} < 2.0$ GeV/$c$. Systematic uncertainties are represented by gray bars. Statistical uncertainties are smaller than marker size. CBWC is applied to all cumulant ratios. While open squares represent the data without the VFC correction, blue triangles and red circles are the results with VFC using the $\langle N_{\rm{part}} \rangle$ distributions from the UrQMD and Glauber models, respectively. UrQMD model results are represented as gold dashed line.

Centrality dependence of the proton cumulant ratios for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3.0 GeV. Protons are from $-0.5 < y < 0$ and $0.4 < p_{T} < 2.0$ GeV/$c$. Systematic uncertainties are represented by gray bars. Statistical uncertainties are smaller than marker size. CBWC is applied to all cumulant ratios. While open squares represent the data without the VFC correction, blue triangles and red circles are the results with VFC using the $\langle N_{\rm{part}} \rangle$ distributions from the UrQMD and Glauber models, respectively. UrQMD model results are represented as gold dashed line.

Rapidity and transverse momentum dependence of the proton cumulant ratios for 0–5% central collisions. Black-squares, red-dots and blue-triangles stand for data without and with the VFC using Glauber and UrQMD, respectively.

Rapidity and transverse momentum dependence of the proton cumulant ratios for 0–5% central collisions. Black-squares, red-dots and blue-triangles stand for data without and with the VFC using Glauber and UrQMD, respectively.

Rapidity and transverse momentum dependence of the proton cumulant ratios for 0–5% central collisions. Black-squares, red-dots and blue-triangles stand for data without and with the VFC using Glauber and UrQMD, respectively.

Rapidity and transverse momentum dependence of the proton cumulant ratios for 0–5% central collisions. Black-squares, red-dots and blue-triangles stand for data without and with the VFC using Glauber and UrQMD, respectively.

Collision energy dependence of the ratios of cumulants, $C_4/C_2$, for proton (squares) and net-proton (red circles) from top 0-5% Au+Au collisions at RHIC. The points for protons are shifted horizontally for clarity. The new result for proton from $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3.0 GeV collisions is shown as a filled square. HADES data of $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 2.4 GeV 0-10% collisions is also shown. The vertical black and gray bars are the statistical and systematic uncertainties, respectively. In addition, results from the HRG model, based on both Canonical Ensemble (CE) and Grand-Canonical Ensemble (GCE), and transport model UrQMD are presented.

B.R. times dN/dy of $^{3}_{\Lambda}$H vs y in 3 GeV 10-50% Au+Au collisions

B.R. times dN/dy of $^{4}_{\Lambda}$H vs y in 3 GeV 10-50% Au+Au collisions

B.R. times dN/dy at |y|<0.5 of $^{3}_{\Lambda}$H vs B.R in 3 GeV 0-10% Au+Au collisions

B.R. times dN/dy at |y|<0.5 of $^{4}_{\Lambda}$H vs B.R in 3 GeV 0-10% Au+Au collisions

$^{3}_{\Lambda}$H $p_T$ spectra times B.R., -0.25<y<0, Au+Au 3 GeV, 0-10%

$^{3}_{\Lambda}$H $p_T$ spectra times B.R., -0.5<y<-0.25, Au+Au 3 GeV, 0-10%

$^{3}_{\Lambda}$H $p_T$ spectra times B.R., -0.25<y<0, Au+Au 3 GeV, 10-50%

$^{3}_{\Lambda}$H $p_T$ spectra times B.R., -0.5<y<-0.25, Au+Au 3 GeV, 10-50%

$^{4}_{\Lambda}$H $p_T$ spectra times B.R., -0.25<y<0, Au+Au 3 GeV, 0-10%

$^{4}_{\Lambda}$H $p_T$ spectra times B.R., -0.5<y<-0.25, Au+Au 3 GeV, 0-10%

$^{4}_{\Lambda}$H $p_T$ spectra times B.R., -0.75<y<-0.5, Au+Au 3 GeV, 0-10%

$^{4}_{\Lambda}$H $p_T$ spectra times B.R., -0.25<y<0, Au+Au 3 GeV, 10-50%

$^{4}_{\Lambda}$H $p_T$ spectra times B.R., -0.5<y<-0.25, Au+Au 3 GeV, 10-50%

$^{4}_{\Lambda}$H $p_T$ spectra times B.R., -0.75<y<-0.5, Au+Au 3 GeV, 10-50%

$K^-$ (a), invariant yields as a function of $m_T-m_0$ for various rapidity regions in 10--40\% central Au+Au collisions at ${\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = \mathrm{3\,GeV}}$. Statistics and systematic uncertainties are added quadratic here for plotting. Solid and dashed black lines depict $m_T$ exponential function fits to the measured data points with arbitrate scaling factors in each rapidity windows.

$\phi$ meson (b) invariant yields as a function of $m_T-m_0$ for various rapidity regions in 10--40\% central Au+Au collisions at ${\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = \mathrm{3\,GeV}}$. Statistics and systematic uncertainties are added quadratic here for plotting. Solid and dashed black lines depict $m_T$ exponential function fits to the measured data points with arbitrate scaling factors in each rapidity windows.

$\Xi^-$ (c) invariant yields as a function of $m_T-m_0$ for various rapidity regions in 10--40\% central Au+Au collisions at ${\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = \mathrm{3\,GeV}}$. Statistics and systematic uncertainties are added quadratic here for plotting. Solid and dashed black lines depict $m_T$ exponential function fits to the measured data points with arbitrate scaling factors in each rapidity windows.

$K^-$ (a), invariant yields as a function of $m_T-m_0$ for various rapidity regions in 40--60\% central Au+Au collisions at ${\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = \mathrm{3\,GeV}}$. Statistics and systematic uncertainties are added quadratic here for plotting. Solid and dashed black lines depict $m_T$ exponential function fits to the measured data points with arbitrate scaling factors in each rapidity windows.

$\phi$ meson (b) invariant yields as a function of $m_T-m_0$ for various rapidity regions in 40--60\% central Au+Au collisions at ${\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = \mathrm{3\,GeV}}$. Statistics and systematic uncertainties are added quadratic here for plotting. Solid and dashed black lines depict $m_T$ exponential function fits to the measured data points with arbitrate scaling factors in each rapidity windows.

Rapidity density distributions of $K^-$ (squares), $p_T$-integrated yields $dN/dy$ in 0--10\% (a), 10--40\% (b) and 40--60\% central (c) Au+Au collisions at ${\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = \mathrm{3\,GeV}}$. %The full symbols show the measured data, while the open ones are data reflected with respect to $y=0$ in the center-of-mass frame. Solid lines depict Gaussian function fits to the data points.

Rapidity density distributions of $\phi$ meson (circles) $p_T$-integrated yields $dN/dy$ in 0--10\% (a), 10--40\% (b) and 40--60\% central (c) Au+Au collisions at ${\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = \mathrm{3\,GeV}}$. %The full symbols show the measured data, while the open ones are data reflected with respect to $y=0$ in the center-of-mass frame. Solid lines depict Gaussian function fits to the data points.

Rapidity density distributions of $\Xi^-$ (diamonds) $p_T$-integrated yields $dN/dy$ in 0--10\% (a), 10--40\% (b) and 40--60\% central (c) Au+Au collisions at ${\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}} = \mathrm{3\,GeV}}$. %The full symbols show the measured data, while the open ones are data reflected with respect to $y=0$ in the center-of-mass frame. Solid lines depict Gaussian function fits to the data points.

$\phi/K^-$ (a) and $\phi/\Xi^-$ (b) ratio as a function of collision energy, $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$. The solid black circles show the measurements presented here in 0-10\% centrality bin, while empty markers in black or grey are used for data from various other energies and/or collision systems. The grey solid line represents a THERMUS calculation based on the Grand Canonical Ensemble (GCE) while the dotted lines depict calculations based on the Canonical Ensemble (CE) with different parameters of strangeness correlation radius ($r_c$). The green dashed line, green shaded band and the solid red line show transport model calculations from the public versions $\mathrm{UrQMD}^{1}$, modified $\mathrm{UrQMD}^{2}$ and SMASH, respectively.