Direct photon cross section. (a) The invariant cross sections of the direct photon in $p+p$ [3, 4] and $d$+Au collisions. The $p+p$ fit result with the empirical parameterization described in the text is shown as well as NLO pQCD calculations, and the scaled $p+p$ fit is compared with the $d$+Au data. The closed and open symbols show the results from the virtual photon and $\pi_{0}$-tagging methods, respectively. The asterisk symbols show the result from the statistical subtraction method for $d$+Au data, overlapping with the virtual photon result in 3 < $p_{T}$ < 5 GeV/c. The values in the table are equal to this mean value. The bars and bands represent the point-to-point (ptp.) and $p_{T}$-correlated (cor.) uncertainties, respectively. (b) The $p+p$ data over the fit. The uncertainties of the fit due to both point-to-point (ptp.) and pT -correlated uncertainties of the data are summed quadratically, and the sum is shown as dotted lines. The NLO pQCD calculations divided by the fit are also shown.

Direct photon cross section. (a) The invariant cross sections of the direct photon in $p+p$ [3, 4] and $d$+Au collisions. The $p+p$ fit result with the empirical parameterization described in the text is shown as well as NLO pQCD calculations, and the scaled $p+p$ fit is compared with the $d$+Au data. The closed and open symbols show the results from the virtual photon and $\pi_{0}$-tagging methods, respectively. The asterisk symbols show the result from the statistical subtraction method for $d$+Au data, overlapping with the virtual photon result in 3 < $p_{T}$ < 5 GeV/c. The values in the table are equal to this mean value. The bars and bands represent the point-to-point (ptp.) and $p_{T}$-correlated (cor.) uncertainties, respectively. (b) The $p+p$ data over the fit. The uncertainties of the fit due to both point-to-point (ptp.) and pT -correlated uncertainties of the data are summed quadratically, and the sum is shown as dotted lines. The NLO pQCD calculations divided by the fit are also shown.

(a) The invariant cross sections of the direct photon in $p+p$ [3, 4] and $d$+Au collisions. The $p+p$ fit result with the empirical parameterization described in the text is shown as well as NLO pQCD calculations, and the scaled $p+p$ fit is compared with the $d$+Au data. The closed and open symbols show the results from the virtual photon and $\pi_{0}$-tagging methods, respectively. The asterisk symbols show the result from the statistical subtraction method for $d$+Au data, overlapping with the virtual photon result in 3 < $p_{T}$ < 5 GeV/c. The values in the table are equal to this mean value. The bars and bands represent the point-to-point (ptp.) and $p_{T}$-correlated (cor.) uncertainties, respectively. (b) The $p+p$ data over the fit. The uncertainties of the fit due to both point-to-point (ptp.) and pT -correlated uncertainties of the data are summed quadratically, and the sum is shown as dotted lines. The NLO pQCD calculations divided by the fit are also shown.

$R_{dA}$ ($d$+Au data/scaled $p+p$ fit). Nuclear modification factor for $d$+Au, $R_{dA}$, as a function of $p_{T}$ . The closed and open symbols show the results from the virtual- and real-photon measurements, respectively. The values in the table are equal to this mean value. The bars and bands represent the point-to-point (ptp.) and $p_{T}$-correlated (cor.) uncertainties, respectively. The box on the right shows the uncertainty of $T_{dA}$ for $d$+Au. The curves indicate the theoretical calculations [24] with different combinations of the CNM effects such as the Cronin enhancement, isospin effect, nuclear shadowing and initial state energy loss.

$R_{dA}$ ($d$+Au data/scaled $p+p$ fit). Nuclear modification factor for $d$+Au, $R_{dA}$, as a function of $p_{T}$ . The closed and open symbols show the results from the virtual- and real-photon measurements, respectively. The values in the table are equal to this mean value. The bars and bands represent the point-to-point (ptp.) and $p_{T}$-correlated (cor.) uncertainties, respectively. The box on the right shows the uncertainty of $T_{dA}$ for $d$+Au. The curves indicate the theoretical calculations [24] with different combinations of the CNM effects such as the Cronin enhancement, isospin effect, nuclear shadowing and initial state energy loss.

$R_{AA}$ (Au+Au MB data/scaled $p+p$ fit). Nuclear modification factors for Au+Au (MB) and $d$+Au as a function of $p_{T}$ . The triangle symbols show results from the (closed) virtual [1] and (open) real photon [5] measurements, respectively. The values in the table are equal to this mean value. The bars and bands represent the point-to-point (ptp.) and $p_{T}$-correlated (cor.) uncertainties, respectively. The (+) symbols for $R_{dA}$ for $p_{T}$ < 5 GeV/$c$ illustrates the difference in magnitude for $R_{AA}$ between Au+Au and $d$+Au collisions.

$R_{AA}$ (Au+Au MB data/scaled $p+p$ fit). Nuclear modification factors for Au+Au (MB) and $d$+Au as a function of $p_{T}$ . The triangle symbols show results from the (closed) virtual [1] and (open) real photon [5] measurements, respectively. The values in the table are equal to this mean value. The bars and bands represent the point-to-point (ptp.) and $p_{T}$-correlated (cor.) uncertainties, respectively. The (+) symbols for $R_{dA}$ for $p_{T}$ < 5 GeV/$c$ illustrates the difference in magnitude for $R_{AA}$ between Au+Au and $d$+Au collisions.

INVARIANT YIELDS

RAA

RAA

RAA

RAA

pT AVERAGE RAA

Sloss

Sloss

Sloss

n_eff(xT)

n_eff(xT)

n_eff(xT)

n_eff(xT)

$J/\psi$ invariant yield as a function of $p_T$ for each centrality at $|y|$ < 0.35. The type C systematic uncertainty for each distribution is given as a percentage in the legend. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ invariant yield as a function of $p_T$ for each centrality at $|y|$ < 0.35. The type C systematic uncertainty for each distribution is given as a percentage in the legend. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ invariant yield as a function of $p_T$ for each centrality at $|y|$ < 0.35. The type C systematic uncertainty for each distribution is given as a percentage in the legend. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ invariant yield as a function of $p_T$ for each centrality at $|y|$ < 0.35. The type C systematic uncertainty for each distribution is given as a percentage in the legend. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ invariant yield as a function of $p_T$ for each centrality for −2.2 < $y$ < −1.2. The type C systematic uncertainty for each distribution is given as a percentage in the legend. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ invariant yield as a function of $p_T$ for each centrality for −2.2 < $y$ < −1.2. The type C systematic uncertainty for each distribution is given as a percentage in the legend. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ invariant yield as a function of $p_T$ for each centrality for −2.2 < $y$ < −1.2. The type C systematic uncertainty for each distribution is given as a percentage in the legend. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ invariant yield as a function of $p_T$ for each centrality for −2.2 < $y$ < −1.2. The type C systematic uncertainty for each distribution is given as a percentage in the legend. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ invariant yield as a function of $p_T$ for each centrality for −2.2 < $y$ < −1.2. The type C systematic uncertainty for each distribution is given as a percentage in the legend. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ invariant yield as a function of $p_T$ for each centrality for −2.2 < $y$ < −1.2. The type C systematic uncertainty for each distribution is given as a percentage in the legend. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ invariant yield as a function of $p_T$ for each centrality for −2.2 < $y$ < −1.2. The type C systematic uncertainty for each distribution is given as a percentage in the legend. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ invariant yield as a function of $p_T$ for each centrality for −2.2 < $y$ < −1.2. The type C systematic uncertainty for each distribution is given as a percentage in the legend. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ nuclear modification factor, $R_{dAu}$, as a function of $p_T$ for (a) backward rapidity 0–100% centrality integrated $d$+Au collisions. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ nuclear modification factor, $R_{dAu}$, as a function of $p_T$ for (b) midrapidity 0–100% centrality integrated $d$+Au collisions. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ nuclear modification factor, $R_{dAu}$, as a function of $p_T$ for (c) forward rapidity 0–100% centrality integrated $d$+Au collisions. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ —> $\mu^+\mu^-$ $R_{dAu}$, as a function of $p_T$ for a) central events at −2.2 < $y$ < −1.2. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ —> $\mu^+\mu^-$ $R_{dAu}$, as a function of $p_T$ for b) midcentral events at −2.2 < $y$ < −1.2. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ —> $\mu^+\mu^-$ $R_{dAu}$, as a function of $p_T$ for c) midperipheral events at −2.2 < $y$ < −1.2. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ —> $\mu^+\mu^-$ $R_{dAu}$, as a function of $p_T$ for d) peripheral events at −2.2 < $y$ < −1.2. The 60–88% $R_{dAu}$ point at $p_T$ = 5.75 GeV/$c$ has been left off the figure, as it is above the plotted range and has very large uncertainties, however it is included in the table. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ —> $e^+e^-$ $R_{dAu}$, as a function of $p_T$ for a) central, b) midcentral, c) midperipheral, and d) peripheral events at $|y|$ < 0.35. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ —> $\mu^+\mu^-$ $R_{dAu}$, as a function of $p_T$ for a) central events at 1.2 < $y$ < 2.2. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ —> $\mu^+\mu^-$ $R_{dAu}$, as a function of $p_T$ for b) midcentral events at 1.2 < $y$ < 2.2. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ —> $\mu^+\mu^-$ $R_{dAu}$, as a function of $p_T$ for c) midperipheral events at 1.2 < $y$ < 2.2. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

$J/\psi$ —> $\mu^+\mu^-$ $R_{dAu}$, as a function of $p_T$ for d) peripheral events at 1.2 < $y$ < 2.2. Type A represents uncertainties that are uncorrelated from point to point, Type B represents uncertainties that are correlated from point to point, and Type C represents uncertainties in the overall normalization.

c$\bar{c}$ production cross section as a function of rapidity in $p$+$p$ collisions, measured using semileptonic decay to electrons (closed square) and to muons (closed circle).

Transverse momentum distribution of $R_{AA}$ for negative muons from heavy-flavor mesons decay in Cu+Cu collisions in the following centrality classes: 40-94% (top panel), 20-40% (middle panel) and 0-20% (bottom panel). Also shown in the bottom panel is a theoretical calculation from [39,40], discussed in Section V.

Comparison of $R_{AA}$ as a function of $N_{part}$ between heavy-flavor muons reconstructed at forward rapidity ($1.4<y<1.9$) and $p_T >$ 2 GeV in Cu+Cu collisions (red squares) and nonphotonic electrons reconstructed at midrapidity and $p_T>$ 3 GeV in Au+Au collisions (blue circles).

Comparison of $R_{AA}$ as a function of $N_{part}$ between heavy-flavor muons reconstructed at forward rapidity ($1.4<y<1.9$) and $p_T >$ 2 GeV in Cu+Cu collisions (red squares) and nonphotonic electrons reconstructed at midrapidity and $p_T>$ 3 GeV in Au+Au collisions (blue circles).

Identified hadron $v_2$ in midcentral (20–60%, right panels) Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. Panels (a) and (b) show $v_2$ as a function of transverse momentum $p_T$. The $v_2$ of all species for centrality 0–20% has been scaled up by a factor of 1.6 for better comparison with results of 20–60% centrality. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.

Identified hadron $v_2$ in midcentral (20–60%, right panels) Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. Panels (a) and (b) show $v_2$ as a function of transverse momentum $p_T$. The $v_2$ of all species for centrality 0–20% has been scaled up by a factor of 1.6 for better comparison with results of 20–60% centrality. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.

Identified hadron $v_2$ in midcentral (20–60%, right panels) Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. Panels (a) and (b) show $v_2$ as a function of transverse momentum $p_T$. The $v_2$ of all species for centrality 0–20% has been scaled up by a factor of 1.6 for better comparison with results of 20–60% centrality. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.

The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 0–10% centrality [panel (a)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.

The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 0–10% centrality [panel (a)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.

The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 0–10% centrality [panel (a)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.

The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 10–20% centrality [panel (b)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.

The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 10–20% centrality [panel (b)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.

The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 10–20% centrality [panel (b)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.

The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 20–40% centrality [panel (c)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.

The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 20–40% centrality [panel (c)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.

The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 20–40% centrality [panel (c)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.

The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 40–60% centrality [panel (d)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.

The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 40–60% centrality [panel (d)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.

The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 40–60% centrality [panel (d)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The error bars (shaded boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown are type A and B only.

The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 10–40% centrality [panel (b)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The $v_2$ of $\Lambda$ and K$^0_S$ are measured by STAR collaboration [21]. The error bars (open boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown on the results from this study are type A and B only.

The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 10–40% centrality [panel (b)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The $v_2$ of $\Lambda$ and K$^0_S$ are measured by STAR collaboration [21]. The error bars (open boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown on the results from this study are type A and B only.

The quark-number-scaled $v_2$ ($v_2/n_q$) of identified hadrons are shown as a function of the kinetic energy per quark, KE$_T/n_q$ in 10–40% centrality [panel (b)] in Au + Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The $v_2$ of $\Lambda$ and K$^0_S$ are measured by STAR collaboration [21]. The error bars (open boxes) represent the statistical (systematic) uncertainties. The systematic uncertainties shown on the results from this study are type A and B only.

Cross section of midrapidity charged-hadron production from $p$ + $p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 62.4 GeV as a function of $p_T$ for positive and negative hadrons.

Double-helicity asymmetries and the statistical uncertainties as a function of $p_T$ for positive and negative inclusive charged hadrons from $p$ + $p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 62.4 GeV.