The production of leading neutrons, where the neutron carries a large fraction x_L of the incoming proton's longitudinal momentum, is studied in deep-inelastic positron-proton scattering at HERA. The data were taken with the H1 detector in the years 2006 and 2007 and correspond to an integrated luminosity of 122 pb^{-1}. The semi-inclusive cross section is measured in the phase space defined by the photon virtuality 6 < Q^2 < 100 GeV^2, Bjorken scaling variable 1.5x10^{-4} < x < 3x10^{-2}, longitudinal momentum fraction 0.32 < x_L < 0.95 and neutron transverse momentum p_T < 0.2 GeV. The leading neutron structure function, F_2^{LN(3)}(Q^2,x,x_L), and the fraction of deep-inelastic scattering events containing a leading neutron are studied as a function of Q^2, x and x_L. Assuming that the pion exchange mechanism dominates leading neutron production, the data provide constraints on the shape of the pion structure function.
Differential cross section of leading neutron production.
The semi-inclusive leading neutron structure function for Q**2.
The semi-inclusive leading neutron structure function for Q**2.
The photoproduction of $D^{*\pm} (2010)$ mesons associated with a leading neutron has been observed with the ZEUS detector in $ep$ collisions at HERA using an integrated luminosity of 80 pb$^{-1}$. The neutron carries a large fraction, {$x_L>0.2$}, of the incoming proton beam energy and is detected at very small production angles, {$\theta_n<0.8$ mrad}, an indication of peripheral scattering. The $D^*$ meson is centrally produced with pseudorapidity {$|\eta|<1.5$}, and has a transverse momentum {$p_{\it T} > 1.9$ GeV}, which is large compared to the average transverse momentum of the neutron of 0.22 GeV. The ratio of neutron-tagged to inclusive $D^*$ production is $8.85\pm 0.93({\rm stat.})^{+0.48}_{-0.61}({\rm syst.})\%$ in the photon-proton center-of-mass energy range {$130 <W<280$ GeV}. The data suggest that the presence of a hard scale enhances the fraction of events with a leading neutron in the final state.
Integrated cross section. The first DSYS error includes the uncertainty in the luminosity and the second DSYS error is due to the knowledge of the branching ratios.
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The production of neutrons carrying at least 20% of the proton beam energy ($\xl > 0.2$) in $e^+p$ collisions has been studied with the ZEUS detector at HERA for a wide range of $Q^2$, the photon virtuality, from photoproduction to deep inelastic scattering. The neutron-tagged cross section, $e p\to e' X n$, is measured relative to the inclusive cross section, $e p\to e' X$, thereby reducing the systematic uncertainties. For $\xl >$ 0.3, the rate of neutrons in photoproduction is about half of that measured in hadroproduction, which constitutes a clear breaking of factorisation. There is about a 20% rise in the neutron rate between photoproduction and deep inelastic scattering, which may be attributed to absorptive rescattering in the $\gamma p$ system. For $0.64 < \xl < 0.82$, the rate of neutrons is almost independent of the Bjorken scaling variable $x$ and $Q^2$. However, at lower and higher $\xl$ values, there is a clear but weak dependence on these variables, thus demonstrating the breaking of limiting fragmentation. The neutron-tagged structure function, ${{F}^{\rm\tiny LN(3)}_2}(x,Q^2,\xl)$, rises at low values of $x$ in a way similar to that of the inclusive \ff of the proton. The total $\gamma \pi$ cross section and the structure function of the pion, $F^{\pi}_2(x_\pi,Q^2)$ where $x_\pi = x/(1-\xl)$, have been determined using a one-pion-exchange model, up to uncertainties in the normalisation due to the poorly understood pion flux. At fixed $Q^2$, $F^{\pi}_2$ has approximately the same $x$ dependence as $F_2$ of the proton.
The XL bins, their acceptance and the acceptance uncertainty. The RH columnshows the contribution from the energy-scale uncertainty - this is completely c orrelated between the bins.
The slope of the PT**2 distribution from the 1995 DIS data. The uncertainties shown in this table were communicated to us by the authors, and supercede those given in the paper.
The normalized cross section (1/SIG)DSIG/dXL for leading neutrons with THETA < 0.8 mrad with statistical errors only.. For the lowest Q**2 data, the normalization uncertainty is +-5 PCT, and with XL > 0.52 there is a further normalization uncertainty of +-4 PCT.. For the intermediate Q**2 and DIS data the normalization uncertainty is +-4 PCT.
The inclusive cross section for the photoproduction of neutral pions has been measured as a function of the transverse momentum, rapidity, and Feynman x of the pizero mesons at an average photon--proton centre-of-mass energy of 208 GeV and for photon virtualities below Q^2=0.01 GeV^2. The pizero measurement extends the range covered by previous charged particle measurements at HERA by two units of rapidity in the photon direction down to a value of -5.5 in the gamma p centre-of-mass frame. The pizero transverse momentum distribution is well described over the whole measured range by a power law ansatz, while an exponential fit falls below the data at transverse momentum values above 1.5 GeV/c. Good agreement with the predictions of the Monte Carlo models PYTHIA and PHOJET is found. In the context of the PYTHIA model the data are inconsistent with large intrinsic transverse momentum values in the photon.
The inclusive PI0 photoproduction cross section in bias of rapidity and PT.Bin centre corrections have been applied and the errors are the quadratic sum o f the statistics and systematics (which dominate).
The inclusive PI0 photoproduction cross section as a function of PT for therapidity range -3.5 to -1.5. Bin centres are given in addition to limits. Error s are the quadratic sum of statistics and systematics.
The inclusive PI0 photoproduction cross section as a function of XL (the Feyman X variable) for the rapidity range -3.5 to -1.5. Bin centres are given as well as limits. Errors are the quadratic sum of statistics and systematics.
A study of scaling violations in fragmentation functions performed by the ALEPH collaboration at LEP is presented. Data samples enriched in uds, c, b and gluon jets, respectively, together with measurements of the longitudinal and transverse inclusive cross sections are used to extract the fragmentation function for the gluon and for each flavour. The measurements are compared to data from experiments at energies between 22 GeV and 91 GeV and scaling violations consistent with QCD predictions are observed. From this, a measurement of the strong coupling constant α s ( Mz ) = 0.126 ±0.009 is obtained.
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The inclusive production of ρ0 mesons was measured in γp andh±p collisions at beam energies of 65 GeV≦Eγ≦175 GeV andEh=80, 140 GeV, respectively, whereh is π orK. Cross sections were determined for all beams and energies as functions ofxF (−0.1≦xF≦1.0),pT (0≦pT≦3.5 GeV/c) and the polar decay angle of the ρ0 by fitting the ρ0 signal in π+π- mass distributions. The ρ0 line shape is found to be distorted from a pure Breit-Wigner distribution throughout most of thexF−pT plane for both photon and hadron beams and a simple explanation is suggested. Throughout the paper emphasis is put on the comparison of photon and hadron beam data. The comparison of cross sections of γp andhp data provides a measure of the Vector Meson Dominance factor throughout thexF−pT range of the ρ0. The ρ0 production at lowpT can be described for both photon and hadron beams by a triple regge model at largexF. Similarly central production is well described by the quark-antiquark fusion model. At largepT there is an excess of ρ0 photoproduction which is consistent with the expected onset of pointlike photon interactions.
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Single charged-particle inclusive cross sections for photon, pion and kaon beams on hydrogen at the CERN-SPS are presented as functions ofpT andxF. Data cover the range 0.0<pT<5.0 GeV/c and 0.0<xF<1.0 at incident momenta from 70 to 170 GeV/c. The comparison between photon- and hadron-induced data indicates a relative excess of particles withpT>1.6 GeV/c for the photon-induced data. Using the hadron-induced data to estimate the hadronic behaviour of the photon, the difference distributions and ratios of cross sections are a measure of the contribution of the point-like photon interactions. The data are compared with QCD calculations and show broadly similar features.
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