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Observation of the Onset of Constituent Quark Number Scaling in Heavy-Ion Collisions at RHIC

The STAR collaboration Aboona, B.E. ; Adam, J. ; Adamczyk, L. ; et al.

Phys.Rev.Lett. 135 (2025) 072301, 2025.

https://inspirehep.net/literature/2907591 Inspire Record 2907591 DOI 10.17182/hepdata.159489 https://doi.org/10.17182/hepdata.159489

Partonic collectivity is one of the necessary signatures for the formation of Quark-Gluon-Plasma in high-energy nuclear collisions. Number of Constituent Quarks (NCQ) scaling has been observed for light hadron elliptic flow $v_2$ in top energy nuclear collisions at RHIC and the LHC, and this has been theoretically suggested as strong evidence for partonic collectivity. In this letter, a systematic analysis of $v_2$ of $\pi^{\pm}$, $K^{\pm}$, $K^{0}_{S}$, $p$ and $\Lambda$ in Au+Au collisions at ${\sqrt{s_{_{\rm{NN}}}}}$ = 3.2, 3.5, 3.9, and 4.5 GeV, with the STAR experiment at RHIC, is presented. NCQ scaling is markedly violated at 3.2 GeV, consistent with a hadronic-interaction dominated equation of state. However, as the collision energy increases, a gradual evolution to NCQ scaling is observed. This beam-energy dependence of $v_2$ for all hadrons studied provides evidence for the onset of dominant partonic interactions by ${\sqrt{s_{_{\rm{NN}}}}}$ = 4.5 GeV.

72 data tables

Fig2_3GeV_$\pi^{+}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\pi^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV

Fig2_3.2GeV_$\pi^{+}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\pi^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.2 GeV

Fig2_3.5GeV_$\pi^{+}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\pi^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.5 GeV

Fig2_3.9GeV_$\pi^{+}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\pi^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.9 GeV

Fig2_4.5GeV_$\pi^{+}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\pi^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 4.5 GeV

Fig2_3GeV_$\pi^{-}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\pi^{-}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV

Fig2_3.2GeV_$\pi^{-}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\pi^{-}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.2 GeV

Fig2_3.5GeV_$\pi^{-}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\pi^{-}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.5 GeV

Fig2_3.9GeV_$\pi^{-}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\pi^{-}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.9 GeV

Fig2_4.5GeV_$\pi^{-}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\pi^{-}$ in Au+Au collisions at 4.5 GeV

Fig2_3GeV_$K^{+}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV

Fig2_3.2GeV_$K^{+}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.2 GeV

Fig2_3.5GeV_$K^{+}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.5 GeV

Fig2_3.9GeV_$K^{+}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.9 GeV

Fig2_4.5GeV_$K^{+}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{+}$ in Au+Au collisions at 4.5 GeV

Fig2_3GeV_$K^{-}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{-}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV

Fig2_3.2GeV_$K^{-}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{-}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.2 GeV

Fig2_3.5GeV_$K^{-}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{-}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.5 GeV

Fig2_3.9GeV_$K^{-}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{-}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.9 GeV

Fig2_4.5GeV_$K^{-}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{-}$ in Au+Au collisions at 4.5 GeV

Fig2_3GeV_$K^{0}_{S}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{0}_{S}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV

Fig2_3.2GeV_$K^{0}_{S}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{0}_{S}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.2 GeV

Fig2_3.5GeV_$K^{0}_{S}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{0}_{S}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.5 GeV

Fig2_3.9GeV_$K^{0}_{S}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{0}_{S}$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.9 GeV

Fig2_4.5GeV_$K^{0}_{S}$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $K^{0}_{S}$ in Au+Au collisions at 4.5 GeV

Fig2_3GeV_$p$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $p$ in Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV

Fig2_3.2GeV_$p$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $p$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.2 GeV

Fig2_3.5GeV_$p$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $p$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.5 GeV

Fig2_3.9GeV_$p$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $p$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.9 GeV

Fig2_4.5GeV_$p$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $p$ in Au+Au collisions at 4.5 GeV

Fig2_3GeV_$\Lambda$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\Lambda$ in Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV

Fig2_3.2GeV_$\Lambda$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\Lambda$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.2 GeV

Fig2_3.5GeV_$\Lambda$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\Lambda$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.5 GeV

Fig2_3.9GeV_$\Lambda$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\Lambda$ in Au+Au collisions at 3.9 GeV

Fig2_4.5GeV_$\Lambda$

$p_{T}$ dependence of $v_{2}$ for $\Lambda$ in Au+Au collisions at 4.5 GeV

Fig3_3GeV_$\pi^{+}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\pi^{+}$ at 3 GeV

Fig3_3.2GeV_$\pi^{+}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\pi^{+}$ at 3.2 GeV

Fig3_3.5GeV_$\pi^{+}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\pi^{+}$ at 3.5 GeV

Fig3_3.9GeV_$\pi^{+}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\pi^{+}$ at 3.9 GeV

Fig3_4.5GeV_$\pi^{+}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\pi^{+}$ at 4.5 GeV

Fig3_3GeV_$\pi^{-}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\pi^{-}$ at 3 GeV

Fig3_3.2GeV_$\pi^{-}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\pi^{-}$ at 3.2 GeV

Fig3_3.5GeV_$\pi^{-}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\pi^{-}$ at 3.5 GeV

Fig3_3.9GeV_$\pi^{-}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\pi^{-}$ at 3.9 GeV

Fig3_4.5GeV_$\pi^{-}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\pi^{-}$ at 4.5 GeV

Fig3_3GeV_$K^{+}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{+}$ at 3 GeV

Fig3_3.2GeV_$K^{+}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{+}$ at 3.2 GeV

Fig3_3.5GeV_$K^{+}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{+}$ at 3.5 GeV

Fig3_3.9GeV_$K^{+}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{+}$ at 3.9 GeV

Fig3_4.5GeV_$K^{+}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{+}$ at 4.5 GeV

Fig3_3GeV_$K^{-}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{-}$ at 3 GeV

Fig3_3.2GeV_$K^{-}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{-}$ at 3.2 GeV

Fig3_3.5GeV_$K^{-}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{-}$ at 3.5 GeV

Fig3_3.9GeV_$K^{-}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{-}$ at 3.9 GeV

Fig3_4.5GeV_$K^{-}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{-}$ at 4.5 GeV

Fig3_3GeV_$K^{0}_{S}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{0}_{S}$ at 3 GeV

Fig3_3.2GeV_$K^{0}_{S}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{0}_{S}$ at 3.2 GeV

Fig3_3.5GeV_$K^{0}_{S}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{0}_{S}$ at 3.5 GeV

Fig3_3.9GeV_$K^{0}_{S}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{0}_{S}$ at 3.9 GeV

Fig3_4.5GeV_$K^{0}_{S}$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $K^{0}_{S}$ at 4.5 GeV

Fig3_3GeV_$p$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $p$ at 3 GeV

Fig3_3.2GeV_$p$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $p$ at 3.2 GeV

Fig3_3.5GeV_$p$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $p$ at 3.5 GeV

Fig3_3.9GeV_$p$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $p$ at 3.9 GeV

Fig3_4.5GeV_$p$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $p$ at 4.5 GeV

Fig3_3GeV_$\Lambda$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\Lambda$ at 3 GeV

Fig3_3.2GeV_$\Lambda$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\Lambda$ at 3.2 GeV

Fig3_3.5GeV_$\Lambda$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\Lambda$ at 3.5 GeV

Fig3_3.9GeV_$\Lambda$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\Lambda$ at 3.9 GeV

Fig3_4.5GeV_$\Lambda$

The number of constituent quarks $n_q$ scaled $v_2$ as a function of $n_q$ scaled transverse kinetic energy for $\Lambda$ at 4.5 GeV

Fig4_a

The energy dependence of $p_T$ integrated $v_2$ for $\pi^{\pm}$, $K^{\pm}$, $K^{0}_{S}$, $p$, and $\Lambda$ in 10-40\% centrality from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\text{NN}}}$ = 3.0, 3.2, 3.5, 3.9, and 4.5 GeV.

Fig4_b

The energy dependence of $n_{q}$ scaled $v_{2}$ ratios of $v_{2}^{q}(\pi^{+}) / v_{2}^{q}(K^{+})$ and $v_{2}^{q}(p) / v_{2}^{q}(K^{+})$ at ($m_T - m_0$)/$n_q$ = 0.4 GeV/$c^2$

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