The 95% CL upper limits on the production cross section times the branching fraction as a function of mA in the case of a gluon fusion production

The 95% CL upper limits on the production cross section times the branching fraction as a function of mA in the case of a b-associated production and an intrinsic width corresponding to 10% of the mass

The 95% CL upper limits on the production cross section times the branching fraction as a function of mA in the case of a gluon fusion production and an intrinsic width corresponding to 10% of the mass

The observed $m_{T}$ and $m_{jj}$ distributions in the ejj (upper left), $\mu$~jj (upper right), $\tau_{h}$~jj (lower left), and $0\ell$~jj (lower right) signal regions compared with the post-fit SM background yields from the fit described in the text. The pre-fit background yields and shapes are determined using data-driven methods for the major backgrounds, and based on simulation for the smaller backgrounds. Expected signal distributions are overlaid. The last bin in the $m_{T}$ distributions of the $1\ell$~jj channels include all events with $m_{T} > 210$~GeV. The last bin of the $m_{jj}$ distributions of the $0\ell$~jj channel include all events with $m_{jj} > 3800$~GeV.

The observed $m_{T}$ and $m_{jj}$ distributions in the ejj (upper left), $\mu$~jj (upper right), $\tau_{h}$~jj (lower left), and $0\ell$~jj (lower right) signal regions compared with the post-fit SM background yields from the fit described in the text. The pre-fit background yields and shapes are determined using data-driven methods for the major backgrounds, and based on simulation for the smaller backgrounds. Expected signal distributions are overlaid. The last bin in the $m_{T}$ distributions of the $1\ell$~jj channels include all events with $m_{T} > 210$~GeV. The last bin of the $m_{jj}$ distributions of the $0\ell$~jj channel include all events with $m_{jj} > 3800$~GeV.

Combined 95% CL UL on the cross section as a function of $m(\tilde{\chi}_{2}^{0})=m(\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm})$. The results correspond to $\Delta m=1$ GeV (left) and $\Delta m=50$ GeV (right) mass gaps between the chargino and the lightest neutralino in the light slepton model. The top row shows the expected limits, and the bottom row shows the observed limits.

Combined 95% CL UL on the cross section as a function of $m(\tilde{\chi}_{2}^{0})=m(\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm})$. The results correspond to $\Delta m=1$ GeV (left) and $\Delta m=50$ GeV (right) mass gaps between the chargino and the lightest neutralino in the light slepton model. The top row shows the expected limits, and the bottom row shows the observed limits.

Combined 95% CL UL on the cross section as a function of $m(\tilde{\chi}_{2}^{0})=m(\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm})$. The results correspond to $\Delta m=1$ GeV (left) and $\Delta m=50$ GeV (right) mass gaps between the chargino and the lightest neutralino in the light slepton model. The top row shows the expected limits, and the bottom row shows the observed limits.

Combined 95% CL UL on the cross section as a function of $m(\tilde{\chi}_{2}^{0})=m(\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm})$. The results correspond to $\Delta m=1$ GeV (left) and $\Delta m=50$ GeV (right) mass gaps between the chargino and the lightest neutralino in the light slepton model. The top row shows the expected limits, and the bottom row shows the observed limits.

(Left) Expected and observed 95% confidence level upper limit (UL) on the signal cross section as a function of $m(\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm})$ and $\Delta m$, assuming the light slepton model with slepton mass defined as the average of the \tilde{\chi}_{2}^{0} and \tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm} masses, $x_{\widetilde{\ell}}=0.5$. The lower left edge of each bin represents the \{$m(\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm})$,$\Delta m$\} combination used to calculate the UL on the signal cross section. For example, the lowest and leftmost bin corresponds to the UL on the signal cross section for the scenario with $m(\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm}) = 100$ GeV and $\Delta m = 1$ GeV. (Right) Combined 95% CL UL on the cross section as a function of $m_{\tilde{\chi}_{2}^{0}}=m_{\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm}}$, for $\Delta m=1$ GeV and $\Delta m=30$ GeV mass gaps between the chargino and the neutralino, assuming the light slepton model.

(Left) Expected and observed 95% confidence level upper limit (UL) on the signal cross section as a function of $m(\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm})$ and $\Delta m$, assuming the light slepton model with slepton mass defined as the average of the \tilde{\chi}_{2}^{0} and \tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm} masses, $x_{\widetilde{\ell}}=0.5$. The lower left edge of each bin represents the \{$m(\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm})$,$\Delta m$\} combination used to calculate the UL on the signal cross section. For example, the lowest and leftmost bin corresponds to the UL on the signal cross section for the scenario with $m(\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm}) = 100$ GeV and $\Delta m = 1$ GeV. (Right) Combined 95% CL UL on the cross section as a function of $m_{\tilde{\chi}_{2}^{0}}=m_{\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm}}$, for $\Delta m=1$ GeV and $\Delta m=30$ GeV mass gaps between the chargino and the neutralino, assuming the light slepton model.

(Left) Expected and observed 95% confidence level upper limit (UL) on the signal cross section as a function of $m(\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm})$ and $\Delta m$, assuming the light slepton model with slepton mass defined as the average of the \tilde{\chi}_{2}^{0} and \tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm} masses, $x_{\widetilde{\ell}}=0.5$. The lower left edge of each bin represents the \{$m(\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm})$,$\Delta m$\} combination used to calculate the UL on the signal cross section. For example, the lowest and leftmost bin corresponds to the UL on the signal cross section for the scenario with $m(\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm}) = 100$ GeV and $\Delta m = 1$ GeV. (Right) Combined 95% CL UL on the cross section as a function of $m_{\tilde{\chi}_{2}^{0}}=m_{\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm}}$, for $\Delta m=1$ GeV and $\Delta m=30$ GeV mass gaps between the chargino and the neutralino, assuming the light slepton model.

(Left) Expected and observed 95% confidence level upper limit (UL) on the signal cross section as a function of $m(\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm})$ and $\Delta m$, assuming the \tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm} and \tilde{\chi}_{2}^{0} decays proceed via $W^{*}$ and $Z^{*}$. The lower left edge of each bin represents the \{$m(\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm})$,$\Delta m$\} combination used to calculate the UL on the signal cross section. For example, the lowest and leftmost bin corresponds to the UL on the signal cross section for the scenario with $m(\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm}) = 100$ GeV and $\Delta m = 1$ GeV. (Right) The 95% CL UL on the cross section as a function of $m_{\tilde{\chi}_{2}^{0}}=m_{\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm}}$, for $\Delta m=1$ GeV and $\Delta m=30$ GeV mass gaps between the chargino and the neutralino, after combining 0 lepton and 1 lepton channels, assuming the \tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm} and \tilde{\chi}_{2}^{0} decays proceed via $W^{*}$ and $Z^{*}$.

(Left) Expected and observed 95% confidence level upper limit (UL) on the signal cross section as a function of $m(\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm})$ and $\Delta m$, assuming the \tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm} and \tilde{\chi}_{2}^{0} decays proceed via $W^{*}$ and $Z^{*}$. The lower left edge of each bin represents the \{$m(\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm})$,$\Delta m$\} combination used to calculate the UL on the signal cross section. For example, the lowest and leftmost bin corresponds to the UL on the signal cross section for the scenario with $m(\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm}) = 100$ GeV and $\Delta m = 1$ GeV. (Right) The 95% CL UL on the cross section as a function of $m_{\tilde{\chi}_{2}^{0}}=m_{\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm}}$, for $\Delta m=1$ GeV and $\Delta m=30$ GeV mass gaps between the chargino and the neutralino, after combining 0 lepton and 1 lepton channels, assuming the \tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm} and \tilde{\chi}_{2}^{0} decays proceed via $W^{*}$ and $Z^{*}$.

Example description

Combined 95% CL expected upper limit on the signal cross section as a function of $m_{\tilde{\chi}_{2}^{0}}=m_{\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm}}$ for a $\Delta m=1$ GeV mass gap between the chargino and the lightest neutralino in the $W Z$ model.

Combined 95% CL expected upper limit on the signal cross section as a function of $m_{\tilde{\chi}_{2}^{0}}=m_{\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm}}$ for a $\Delta m=50$ GeV mass gap between the chargino and the lightest neutralino in the $W Z$ model.

Combined 95% CL observed upper limit on the signal cross section as a function of $m_{\tilde{\chi}_{2}^{0}}=m_{\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm}}$ for a $\Delta m=1$ GeV mass gap between the chargino and the lightest neutralino in the $W Z$ model.

Combined 95% CL observed upper limit on the signal cross section as a function of $m_{\tilde{\chi}_{2}^{0}}=m_{\tilde{\chi}_{1}^{\pm}}$ for a $\Delta m=50$ GeV mass gap between the chargino and the lightest neutralino in the $W Z$ model.

Covariance matrix from the combined fit of the $m_{ extrm{jj}}$ and $m_{ extrm{T}}$ distributions in the $0\ell extrm{jj}$ and $1\ell extrm{jj}$ search regions.

Expected and observed exclusion limits at the 95\% CL as a function of $m(\mathrm{H}^{\pm})$ for $\sigma_\mathrm{VBF}(\mathrm{H}^{\pm}) \, \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}^{\pm} \rightarrow \mathrm{W}^{\pm}\mathrm{Z})$ in the $\mathrm{ZV}$ final state.

Expected and observed exclusion limits at the 95\% CL as a function of $m(\mathrm{H}^{\pm\pm})$ for $\sigma_\mathrm{VBF}(\mathrm{H}^{\pm\pm}) \, \mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H}^{\pm\pm} \rightarrow \mathrm{W}^{\pm}\mathrm{W}^{\pm})$ in the $\mathrm{WV}$ final state.

Expected and observed exclusion limits at the 95\% CL for $s_{\mathrm{H}}$ in the Georgi-Machacek model.

$\mathrm{m_{\mathrm{WV}}}$ distribution in the $\mathrm{WV}$ channel. The predicted yields are shown with their best-fit normalizations from the background-only fit.

$\mathrm{m_{\mathrm{ZV}}}$ distribution in the $\mathrm{ZV}$ channel. The predicted yields are shown with their best-fit normalizations from the background-only fit.

Covariance matrix for all the $\mathrm{m_{\mathrm{WV}}}$ bins used in the $\mathrm{WV}$ channel. The mass distributions are binned as follows: $\mathrm{m_{\mathrm{WV}}}$ = [600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1200, 1500, 2000, $\infty$] GeV. The covariance matrix from the background-only fit is shown.

Covariance matrix for all the $\mathrm{m_{\mathrm{ZV}}}$ bins used in the $\mathrm{ZV}$ channel. The mass distributions are binned as follows: $\mathrm{m_{\mathrm{ZV}}}$ = [600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1200, 1500, 2000, $\infty$] GeV. The covariance matrix from the background-only fit is shown.

Expected and observed upper limits at 95% CL on $\mathcal{B}_{sig}=\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{t}\to\mathrm{b}\mathrm{H^{+}})\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{H^{+}}\to\mathrm{W^{+}}\mathrm{A})\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{A}\to\mu^{+}\mu^{-})$ for the A boson masses ($\mathit{m}_{\mathrm{A}}$). The $\mathrm{H^{+}}$ boson mass is assumed to be 160 GeV in the calculation.

Forward-backward ratio, $N_{\mu}(+\eta_{\textrm{CM}})/N_{\mu}(-\eta_{\textrm{CM}})$, for the negatively charged muons, as a function of the muon pseudorapidity in the centre-of-mass frame.

Forward-backward ratio, $N_{\mu}(+\eta_{\textrm{CM}})/N_{\mu}(-\eta_{\textrm{CM}})$, for the positively charged muons, as a function of the muon pseudorapidity in the centre-of-mass frame.

Forward-backward ratio, $N_{\mu}(+\eta_{\textrm{CM}})/N_{\mu}(-\eta_{\textrm{CM}})$, for muons of both signs, as a function of the muon pseudorapidity in the centre-of-mass frame.

The covariance matrix of the W boson differential cross section measurements. Each bin is labeled mi_i or pl_i, where mi stands for $W^{-} \to \mu^{-} \bar{\nu}$ channel and pl for $W^{+} \to \mu^{+} \nu$ channel, and 0 <= i <= 23 is the bin number in $\eta_{\textrm{CM}}$ (from -2.86 - -2.60 to 1.80 - 1.93). The global normalisation uncertainty of 3.5% is included. Data from Figure 2.

$v_3\{4\}$ as a function of $N_{trk}^{offline}$ in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV.

$v_2\{4\}$ as a function of $N_{trk}^{offline}$ in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 8.16$ TeV.

$v_2\{6\}$ as a function of $N_{trk}^{offline}$ in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 8.16$ TeV.

$v_2\{6\}$ as a function of $N_{trk}^{offline}$ in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 8.16$ TeV.

$v_3\{4\}$ as a function of $N_{trk}^{offline}$ in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 8.16$ TeV.

$v_2\{4\}/v_2\{2\}$ as a function of $N_{trk}^{offline}$ in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV.

$v_3\{4\}/v_3\{2\}$ as a function of $N_{trk}^{offline}$ in PbPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV.

$v_2\{4\}/v_2\{2\}$ as a function of $N_{trk}^{offline}$ in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 8.16$ TeV.

$v_3\{4\}/v_3\{2\}$ as a function of $N_{trk}^{offline}$ in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 8.16$ TeV.

$v_2\{6\}/v_2\{4\}$ as a function of $v_2\{4\}/v_2\{2\}$ in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 8.16$ TeV.

$v_2\{8\}/v_2\{6\}$ as a function of $v_2\{4\}/v_2\{2\}$ in pPb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 8.16$ TeV.

Observed (black solid) and expected (black dotted) limits at 95% confidence level on the product of the the cross section for bbA prodcution and the branching fraction $\mathrm{A} \rightarrow \tau\tau$, obtained from the combination of the $\mathrm{e}\tau_\mathrm{h}$ and $\mu\tau_\mathrm{h}$ channels in the 1 b tag category, as a function of the A boson mass. The green and yellow bands represent the one and two standard deviation uncertainties in the expected limits.

Observed (black solid) and expected (black dotted) limits at 95% confidence level on the product of the the cross section for bbA prodcution and the branching fraction $\mathrm{A} \rightarrow \tau\tau$, obtained in the $\mathrm{e}\tau_\mathrm{h}$ channel of the 1 b tag category, as a function of the A boson mass. The green and yellow bands represent the one and two standard deviation uncertainties in the expected limits.

Observed (black solid) and expected (black dotted) limits at 95% confidence level on the product of the the cross section for bbA prodcution and the branching fraction $\mathrm{A} \rightarrow \tau\tau$, obtained in the $\mu\tau_\mathrm{h}$ channel of the 1 b tag category, as a function of the A boson mass. The green and yellow bands represent the one and two standard deviation uncertainties in the expected limits.

The product of acceptance, efficiency, and branching fraction of the qbX signal with $\mathrm{X} \rightarrow \tau\tau$ and $m_{\mathrm{B}}=170~\mathrm{GeV}$ in $\mathrm{e}\tau_\mathrm{h}$ and $\mu\tau_\mathrm{h}$ channels of the 1b1f and 1b1c event categories, as a function of the X boson mass. The selections are as described in the paper. The uncertainty refers to the statistical uncertainty only.

Observed $m_{\tau\tau}$ distribution in the $\mathrm{e}\tau_\mathrm{h}$ channel of the 1b1f category, compared to the expected SM background contributions. The distributions of the qbX signal with $m_{\mathrm{B}}=170~\mathrm{GeV}$, and X boson mass 40 and 60 GeV are overlaid to illustrate the sensitivity. They are normalized to the cross section times branching fraction of 20 pb. The uncertainty band represents the sum in quadrature of statistical and systematic uncertainties obtained from the fit. The lower panel shows the ratio between the observed and expected events in each bin.

Observed $m_{\tau\tau}$ distribution in the $\mathrm{e}\tau_\mathrm{h}$ channel of the 1b1c category, compared to the expected SM background contributions. The distributions of the qbX signal with $m_{\mathrm{B}}=170~\mathrm{GeV}$, and X boson mass 40 and 60 GeV are overlaid to illustrate the sensitivity. They are normalized to the cross section times branching fraction of 20 pb. The uncertainty band represents the sum in quadrature of statistical and systematic uncertainties obtained from the fit. The lower panel shows the ratio between the observed and expected events in each bin.

Observed $m_{\tau\tau}$ distribution in the $\mu\tau_\mathrm{h}$ channel of the 1b1f category, compared to the expected SM background contributions. The distributions of the qbX signal with $m_{\mathrm{B}}=170~\mathrm{GeV}$, and X boson mass 40 and 60 GeV are overlaid to illustrate the sensitivity. They are normalized to the cross section times branching fraction of 20 pb. The uncertainty band represents the sum in quadrature of statistical and systematic uncertainties obtained from the fit. The lower panel shows the ratio between the observed and expected events in each bin.

Observed $m_{\tau\tau}$ distribution in the $\mu\tau_\mathrm{h}$ channel of the 1b1c category, compared to the expected SM background contributions. The distributions of the qbX signal with $m_{\mathrm{B}}=170~\mathrm{GeV}$, and X boson mass 40 and 60 GeV are overlaid to illustrate the sensitivity. They are normalized to the cross section times branching fraction of 20 pb. The uncertainty band represents the sum in quadrature of statistical and systematic uncertainties obtained from the fit. The lower panel shows the ratio between the observed and expected events in each bin.

Observed (black solid) and expected (black dotted) limits at 95% confidence level on the product of the the cross section for the prodcution of the qbX signal with mB = 170 GeV and the branching fraction $\mathrm{X} \rightarrow \tau\tau$, obtained from the combination of the $\mathrm{e}\tau_\mathrm{h}$ and $\mu\tau_\mathrm{h}$ channels, and the 1b1f and 1b1c categories, as a function of the X boson mass. The green and yellow bands represent the one and two standard deviation uncertainties in the expected limits.

Observed (black solid) and expected (black dotted) limits at 95% confidence level on the product of the the cross section for the prodcution of the qbX signal with mB = 300 GeV and the branching fraction $\mathrm{X} \rightarrow \tau\tau$, obtained from the combination of the $\mathrm{e}\tau_\mathrm{h}$ and $\mu\tau_\mathrm{h}$ channels, and the 1b1f and 1b1c categories, as a function of the X boson mass. The green and yellow bands represent the one and two standard deviation uncertainties in the expected limits.

Observed (black solid) and expected (black dotted) limits at 95% confidence level on the product of the the cross section for the prodcution of the qbX signal with mB = 450 GeV and the branching fraction $\mathrm{X} \rightarrow \tau\tau$, obtained from the combination of the $\mathrm{e}\tau_\mathrm{h}$ and $\mu\tau_\mathrm{h}$ channels, and the 1b1f and 1b1c categories, as a function of the X boson mass. The green and yellow bands represent the one and two standard deviation uncertainties in the expected limits.

Observed (black solid) and expected (black dotted) limits at 95% confidence level on the product of the the cross section for the prodcution of the qbX signal with mB = 170 GeV and the branching fraction $\mathrm{X} \rightarrow \tau\tau$, obtained in the $\mathrm{e}\tau_\mathrm{h}$ channel of the 1b1f category, as a function of the X boson mass. The green and yellow bands represent the one and two standard deviation uncertainties in the expected limits.

Observed (black solid) and expected (black dotted) limits at 95% confidence level on the product of the the cross section for the prodcution of the qbX signal with mB = 170 GeV and the branching fraction $\mathrm{X} \rightarrow \tau\tau$, obtained in the $\mathrm{e}\tau_\mathrm{h}$ channel of the 1b1c category, as a function of the X boson mass. The green and yellow bands represent the one and two standard deviation uncertainties in the expected limits.

Observed (black solid) and expected (black dotted) limits at 95% confidence level on the product of the the cross section for the prodcution of the qbX signal with mB = 170 GeV and the branching fraction $\mathrm{X} \rightarrow \tau\tau$, obtained in the $\mu\tau_\mathrm{h}$ channel of the 1b1f category, as a function of the X boson mass. The green and yellow bands represent the one and two standard deviation uncertainties in the expected limits.

Observed (black solid) and expected (black dotted) limits at 95% confidence level on the product of the the cross section for the prodcution of the qbX signal with mB = 170 GeV and the branching fraction $\mathrm{X} \rightarrow \tau\tau$, obtained in the $\mu\tau_\mathrm{h}$ channel of the 1b1c category, as a function of the X boson mass. The green and yellow bands represent the one and two standard deviation uncertainties in the expected limits.

Observed and expected likelihood scans of $f_{\Lambda1}^{Z\gamma}\cos\phi_{\Lambda1}^{Z\gamma}$. See Section 4 of the paper for more details.

Electron pT in data and SM backgrounds, and various aTGC scenarios after the event preselection, in the electron channel.

Measured cross section and signal strength, relative to the standard model expectation.

One-dimensional limits on the ATGC EFT parameters at 95% CL.

One-dimensional limits on the ATGC effective Lagrangian (LEP parametrization) parameters at 95% CL.

One-dimensional limits on the ATGC EFT parameters at 95% CL from the combination of EW Wjj and EW Zjj analyses.

One-dimensional limits on the ATGC effective Lagrangian (LEP parametrization) parameters at 95% CL from the combination of EW Wjj and EW Zjj analyses.

Hadronic activity veto efficiencies in the signal-enriched BDT> 0.95 region for the muon and electron channels combined, as a function of the leading additional jet $p_T$. The data are compared with the background-only prediction as well as background+signal with PYTHIA parton showering and background+signal with HERWIG++ parton showering. In addition, the background+signal prediction from POWHEG plus HERWIG++ parton showering is included. The uncertainty bands include only the statistical uncertainty in the prediction from simulation.

Hadronic activity veto efficiencies in the signal-enriched BDT> 0.95 region for the muon and electron channels combined, as a function of additional jet $H_T$. The data are compared with the background-only prediction as well as background+signal with PYTHIA parton showering and background+signal with HERWIG++ parton showering. In addition, the background+signal prediction from POWHEG plus HERWIG++ parton showering is included. The uncertainty bands include only the statistical uncertainty in the prediction from simulation.

Hadronic activity veto efficiencies in the signal-enriched BDT> 0.95 region for the muon and electron channels combined, as a function of leading soft-activity jet $p_T$. The data are compared with the background-only prediction as well as background+signal with PYTHIA parton showering and background+signal with HERWIG++ parton showering. In addition, the background+signal prediction from POWHEG plus HERWIG++ parton showering is included. The uncertainty bands include only the statistical uncertainty in the prediction from simulation.

Hadronic activity veto efficiencies in the signal-enriched BDT> 0.95 region for the muon and electron channels combined, as a function of soft-activity jet $H_T$. The data are compared with the background-only prediction as well as background+signal with PYTHIA parton showering and background+signal with HERWIG++ parton showering. In addition, the background+signal prediction from POWHEG plus HERWIG++ parton showering is included. The uncertainty bands include only the statistical uncertainty in the prediction from simulation.