We measure triangular flow relative to the reaction plane at 3 GeV center-of-mass energy in Au+Au collisions at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. A significant $v_3$ signal for protons is observed, which increases for higher rapidity, higher transverse momentum, and more peripheral collisions. The triangular flow is essentially rapidity-odd with a slope at mid-rapidity, $dv_3/dy|_{(y=0)}$, opposite in sign compared to the slope for directed flow. No significant $v_3$ signal is observed for charged pions and kaons. Comparisons with models suggest that a mean field potential is required to describe these results, and that the triangular shape of the participant nucleons is the result of stopping and nuclear geometry.
Event plane resolutions for calculating $v_3\{\Psi_1\}$ as a function of centrality from $\sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}}=3$ GeV Au+Au collisions at STAR.
$v_3\{\Psi_1\}$ vs. centrality for $\pi^+$, $\pi^-$, and protons using the event plane method in $\sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}}=3$ GeV Au+Au collisions at STAR.
$v_3\{\Psi_1\}$ vs. centrality for $K^+$, and $K^-$ using the event plane method in $\sqrt{s_{\textrm{NN}}}=3$ GeV Au+Au collisions at STAR.
The NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron studies the onset of deconfinement in strongly interacting matter through a beam energy scan of particle production in collisions of nuclei of varied sizes. This paper presents results on inclusive double-differential spectra, transverse momentum and rapidity distributions and mean multiplicities of $\pi^\pm$, $K^\pm$, $p$ and $\bar{p}$ produced in $^{40}$Ar+$^{45}$Sc collisions at beam momenta of 13$A$, 19$A$, 30$A$, 40$A$, 75$A$ and 150$A$~\GeVc. The analysis uses the 10% most central collisions, where the observed forward energy defines centrality. The energy dependence of the $K^\pm$/$\pi^\pm$ ratios as well as of inverse slope parameters of the $K^\pm$ transverse mass distributions are placed in between those found in inelastic $p$+$p$ and central Pb+Pb collisions. The results obtained here establish a system-size dependence of hadron production properties that so far cannot be explained either within statistical or dynamical models.
Two-dimensional distributions ($y$ vs. $p_T$ ) of double differential yields of $p$ at 13$A$ GeV/c
Two-dimensional distributions ($y$ vs. $p_T$ ) of double differential yields of $\pi^+$ at 13$A$ GeV/c
Two-dimensional distributions ($y$ vs. $p_T$ ) of double differential yields of $\pi^-$ at 13$A$ GeV/c
Long- and short-range correlations for pairs of charged particles are studied via two-particle angular correlations in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV and p$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV. The correlation functions are measured as a function of relative azimuthal angle $\Delta\varphi$ and pseudorapidity separation $\Delta\eta$ for pairs of primary charged particles within the pseudorapidity interval $|\eta| < 0.9$ and the transverse-momentum interval $1 < p_{\rm T} < 4$ GeV/$c$. Flow coefficients are extracted for the long-range correlations ($1.6 < |\Delta\eta| <1.8$) in various high-multiplicity event classes using the low-multiplicity template fit method. The method is used to subtract the enhanced yield of away-side jet fragments in high-multiplicity events. These results show decreasing flow signals toward lower multiplicity events. Furthermore, the flow coefficients for events with hard probes, such as jets or leading particles, do not exhibit any significant changes compared to those obtained from high-multiplicity events without any specific event selection criteria. The results are compared with hydrodynamic-model calculations, and it is found that a better understanding of the initial conditions is necessary to describe the results, particularly for low-multiplicity events.
High and low multiplicity long-range delta phi correlations
Jet fragmentation yields of near and away side as a function of multiplicity class and and the ratio of them, please see the definition of x-axis
The second and third harmonic coefficients as a function of transverse momentum in pp and p--Pb collisions.
The first measurement of the e$^+$e$^-$ pair production at midrapidity and low invariant mass in central Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV at the LHC is presented. The yield of e$^+$e$^-$ pairs is compared with a cocktail of expected hadronic decay contributions in the invariant mass ($m_{\rm ee}$) and pair transverse momentum ($p_{\rm T,ee}$) ranges $m_{\rm ee} < 3.5$ GeV$/c^2$ and $p_{\rm T,ee} < 8$ GeV$/c$. For $0.18 < m_{\rm ee} < 0.5$ GeV$/c^2$ the ratio of data to the cocktail of hadronic contributions without $\rho$ mesons amounts to $1.42 \pm 0.12 \ ({\rm stat.}) \pm 0.17 \ ({\rm syst.}) \pm 0.12 \ ({\rm cocktail})$ and $1.44 \pm 0.12 \ ({\rm stat.}) \pm 0.17 \ ({\rm syst.}) ^{+0.17}_{-0.21} \ ({\rm cocktail})$, including or not including medium effects in the estimation of the heavy-flavor background, respectively. It is consistent with predictions from two different models for an additional contribution of thermal e$^+$e$^-$ pairs from the hadronic and partonic phases. In the intermediate-mass range ($1.2 < m_{\rm ee} < 2.6$ GeV$/c^2$), the pair transverse impact parameter of the e$^+$e$^-$ pairs (DCA$_{\rm ee}$) is used for the first time in Pb$-$Pb collisions to separate displaced dielectrons from heavy-flavor hadron decays from a possible (thermal) contribution produced at the interaction point. The data are consistent with a suppression of e$^+$e$^-$ pairs from ${\rm c\overline{c}}$ and an additional prompt component. Finally, the first direct-photon measurement in the 10% most central Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}=5.02$ TeV is reported via the study of virtual direct photons in the transverse momentum range $1 < p_{\rm T} < 5$ GeV$/c$. A model including prompt photons, as well as photons from the pre-equilibrium and fluid-dynamic phases, can reproduce the result, while being at the upper edge of the data uncertainties.
Dielectron invariant mass spectrum in Pb--Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV for the 0--10\% centrality class. Electrons are measured within $|\eta_{\rm e}| < 0.8$ and $0.2 < p_{\rm T,e} < 10$ GeV/$c$. Dielectrons are measured in $0 < p_{\rm T,ee} < 8$ GeV/$c$.
Dielectron invariant mass spectrum of excess in Pb--Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV for the 0--10\% centrality class. Electrons are measured within $|\eta_{\rm e}| < 0.8$ and $0.2 < p_{\rm T,e} < 10$ GeV/$c$. Dielectrons are measured in $0 < p_{\rm T,ee} < 8$ GeV/$c$. Upper limits at 90\% C.L. are also set. The Ncoll-scaled HF cocktail is subtracted from the inclusive dielectron yield.
Dielectron invariant mass spectrum of excess in Pb--Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV for the 0--10\% centrality class. Electrons are measured within $|\eta_{\rm e}| < 0.8$ and $0.2 < p_{\rm T,e} < 10$ GeV/$c$. Dielectrons are measured in $0 < p_{\rm T,ee} < 8$ GeV/$c$. Upper limits at 90\% C.L. are also set. The Ncoll-scaled HF cocktail is subtracted from the inclusive dielectron yield.
The STAR experiment at RHIC reports new measurements of jet quenching based on the semi-inclusive distribution of charged-particle jets recoiling from direct photon ($\gamma_{\rm dir}$) and neutral pion ($\pi^{0}$) triggers in pp and central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=200$ GeV, for triggers in the range $9<E_{\rm T}^{\rm trig}<20$ GeV. The datasets have integrated luminosities of 3.9$ {\rm nb}^{-1}$ for Au+Au and 23$ {\rm pb}^{-1}$ for pp collisions. Jets are reconstructed using the anti-$k_{\rm T}$ algorithm with resolution parameters $R$=0.2 and 0.5. The large uncorrelated jet background in central Au+Au collisions is corrected using a mixed-event approach, which enables precise charged-particle jet measurements at low transverse momentum $p_{\rm T,jet}^{\rm ch}$ and large $R$. Recoil-jet distributions are reported in the range $p_{\rm T,jet}^{\rm ch}<25$\gev. Comparison of the distributions measured in pp and Au+Au collisions reveals strong medium-induced jet yield suppression for $R=0.2$, with markedly less suppression for $R=0.5$. Comparison is also made to theoretical models incorporating jet quenching. These data provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying jet quenching and the angular dependence of medium-induced jet-energy transport, and provide new constraints on modelling such effects.
Rho distribution of SE recoil jet R=0.5 for AuAu 0-15% at sqrt{s_{NN}}=200 GeV from gamma_{rich}+jet event sample.
Rho distribution of ME recoil jet R=0.5 for AuAu 0-15% at sqrt{s_{NN}}=200 GeV from MB event sample.
Rho distribution of ME-30MeV recoil jet R=0.5 for AuAu 0-15% at sqrt{s_{NN}}=200 GeV from MB event sample.
The chiral magnetic effect (CME) is a phenomenon that arises from the QCD anomaly in the presence of an external magnetic field. The experimental search for its evidence has been one of the key goals of the physics program of the Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider. The STAR collaboration has previously presented the results of a blind analysis of isobar collisions (${^{96}_{44}\text{Ru}}+{^{96}_{44}\text{Ru}}$, ${^{96}_{40}\text{Zr}}+{^{96}_{40}\text{Zr}}$) in the search for the CME. The isobar ratio ($Y$) of CME-sensitive observable, charge separation scaled by elliptic anisotropy, is close to but systematically larger than the inverse multiplicity ratio, the naive background baseline. This indicates the potential existence of a CME signal and the presence of remaining nonflow background due to two- and three-particle correlations, which are different between the isobars. In this post-blind analysis, we estimate the contributions from those nonflow correlations as a background baseline to $Y$, utilizing the isobar data as well as Heavy Ion Jet Interaction Generator simulations. This baseline is found consistent with the isobar ratio measurement, and an upper limit of 10% at 95% confidence level is extracted for the CME fraction in the charge separation measurement in isobar collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=200$ GeV.
Figure 1a
Figure 1b
Figure 1c
The STAR Collaboration presents measurements of the semi-inclusive distribution of charged-particle jets recoiling from energetic direct-photon ($\gamma_{\rm dir}$) and neutral-pion ($\pi^{0}$) triggers in p+p and central Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$ GeV over a broad kinematic range, for jet resolution parameters $R$=0.2 and 0.5. Medium-induced jet yield suppression is observed to be larger for $R$=0.2 than for 0.5, reflecting the angular range of jet energy redistribution due to quenching. The predictions of model calculations incorporating jet quenching are not fully consistent with the observations. These results provide new insight into the physical origins of jet quenching.
I_{AA} of Au+Au 0%-15% collisions at sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200 GeV for R = 0.2 of gamma_{dir}+jet with E_{T,trig}= 15-20 GeV.
I_{AA} of Au+Au 0%-15% collisions at sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200 GeV for R = 0.5 of gamma_{dir}+jet with E_{T,trig}= 15-20 GeV.
I_{AA} of Au+Au 0%-15% collisions at sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200 GeV for R = 0.2 of pi^{0}+jet with E_{T,trig}= 11-15 GeV.
Deuterons are atomic nuclei composed of a neutron and a proton held together by the strong interaction. Unbound ensembles composed of a deuteron and a third nucleon have been investigated in the past using scattering experiments and they constitute a fundamental reference in nuclear physics to constrain nuclear interactions and the properties of nuclei. In this work, K$^{+}-$d and p$-$d femtoscopic correlations measured by the ALICE Collaboration in proton$-$proton (pp) collisions at $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are presented. It is demonstrated that correlations in momentum space between deuterons and kaons or protons allow us to study three-hadron systems at distances comparable with the proton radius. The analysis of the K$^{+}-$d correlation shows that the relative distances at which deuterons and protons or kaons are produced are around 2 fm. The analysis of the p$-$d correlation shows that only a full three-body calculation that accounts for the internal structure of the deuteron can explain the data. In particular, the sensitivity of the observable to the short-range part of the interaction is demonstrated. These results indicate that correlations involving light nuclei in pp collisions at the LHC will also provide access to any three-body systems in the strange and charm sectors.
The K$^{+}$--d $\oplus$ K$^{-}$--$\overline{\mathrm{d}}$ correlation function as a function of $k^*$.
The p--d $\oplus$ $\overline{\mathrm{p}}$--$\overline{\mathrm{d}}$ correlation function as a function of $k^*$.
The transverse momentum ($p_{\rm T}$) and centrality dependence of the nuclear modification factor $R_{\rm AA}$ of prompt and non-prompt J$/\psi$, the latter originating from the weak decays of beauty hadrons, have been measured by the ALICE collaboration in Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 5.02 TeV. The measurements are carried out through the ${\rm e}^{+}{\rm e}^{-}$ decay channel at midrapidity ($|y| < 0.9$) in the transverse momentum region $1.5 < p_{\rm T} < 10$ GeV/$c$. Both prompt and non-prompt J$/\psi$ measurements indicate a significant suppression for $p_{\rm T} >$ 5 GeV/$c$, which becomes stronger with increasing collision centrality. The results are consistent with similar LHC measurements in the overlapping $p_{\rm T}$ intervals, and cover the kinematic region down to $p_{\rm T}$ = 1.5 GeV/$c$ at midrapidity, not accessible by other LHC experiments. The suppression of prompt J$/\psi$ in central and semicentral collisions exhibits a decreasing trend towards lower transverse momentum, described within uncertainties by models implementing J$/\psi$ production from recombination of c and $\overline{\rm c}$ quarks produced independently in different partonic scatterings. At high transverse momentum, transport models including quarkonium dissociation are able to describe the suppression for prompt J$/\psi$. For non-prompt J$/\psi$, the suppression predicted by models including both collisional and radiative processes for the computation of the beauty-quark energy loss inside the quark$-$gluon plasma is consistent with measurements within uncertainties.
Non-prompt J/$\psi$ fraction as a function of transverse momentum in Pb-Pb at 5.02 TeV, centrality 0-10%
Non-prompt J/$\psi$ fraction as a function of transverse momentum in Pb-Pb at 5.02 TeV, centrality 10-30%
Non-prompt J/$\psi$ fraction as a function of transverse momentum in Pb-Pb at 5.02 TeV, centrality 30-50%
The ALICE Collaboration reports the measurement of semi-inclusive distributions of charged-particle jets recoiling from a high transverse momentum (high $p_{\rm T}$) hadron trigger in proton$-$proton and central Pb$-$Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 5.02$ TeV. A data-driven statistical method is used to mitigate the large uncorrelated background in central Pb$-$Pb collisions. Recoil jet distributions are reported for jet resolution parameter $R=0.2$, 0.4, and 0.5 in the range $7 < p_{\rm T,jet} < 140$ GeV$/c$ and trigger$-$recoil jet azimuthal separation $\pi/2 < \Delta\varphi < \pi$. The measurements exhibit a marked medium-induced jet yield enhancement at low $p_{\rm T}$ and at large azimuthal deviation from $\Delta\varphi\sim\pi$. The enhancement is characterized by its dependence on $\Delta\varphi$, which has a slope that differs from zero by 4.7$\sigma$. Comparisons to model calculations incorporating different formulations of jet quenching are reported. These comparisons indicate that the observed yield enhancement arises from the response of the QGP medium to jet propagation.
Corrected $\Delta_\mathrm{recoil} (p_\mathrm{T,ch jet})$ distributions measured for $R=$ 0.2, 0.4, and 0.5 in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV.
Corrected $\Delta_\mathrm{recoil} (p_\mathrm{T,ch jet})$ distributions measured for $R=$ 0.2, 0.4, and 0.5 in Pb--Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV.
$I_\mathrm{AA} (p_\mathrm{T,ch jet})$ measured for $R=$ 0.2, 0.4, and 0.5 in Pb--Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s}=5.02$ TeV.