In an experiment carried out at the CERN Proton Synchrotron and using the CERN polarized deuteron target, the reaction π+n↑→π+π−p has been measured in the region -t=0.1–1.0 (GeV/c)2 and m(π+π−)=0.36–1.04 GeV at incident momenta of 5.98 and 11.85 GeV/c. We present the m and t dependence of the measured 14 linearly independent spin-density-matrix elements and of the bounds on the moduli squared of the S- and P-wave recoil transversity amplitudes. The results show the presence of ‘‘A1’’ exchange in the unnatural nucleon-helicity-nonflip amplitudes. The natural ‘‘A2’’-exchange amplitudes dominate at large t. In the range 0.2≤-t≤0.4 (GeV/c)2 the mass dependence shows that the unnatural exchange amplitudes with transversity ‘‘down’’ are generally larger than those with transversity ‘‘up.’’ The opposite is true for the natural exchange. In this range of t and at the ρ0 mass, the P-wave unnatural amplitudes with both transversities contribute in equal amounts while the production by natural exchange proceeds entirely with transversity up. We observe rapid changes of the moduli within the ρ0 mass range and variations of the width and the position of the ρ0 peak in spin-averaged partial-wave cross sections. These structures have not been seen in previous polarization experiments and reveal spin dependence of ρ0 production. Our bounds cannot exclude an S-wave resonance in the range 700–800 MeV. The results emphasize the need for a better experimental and theoretical understanding of the mass dependence of the production mechanism.
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'Y' components of RHO.
'X' components of RHO.
Toward the goal of experimentally determining the p-p elastic-scattering amplitudes at 6 GeV/c, we have measured a number of triple- and double-spin correlation parameters over the ‖t‖ range between 0.2 and 1.0 (GeV/c)2. These new data permit the first nucleon-nucleon amplitude determination in the multi-GeV energy range. Polarized beams from the Argonne Zero Gradient Synchrotron and polarized targets were utilized. The polarization of the recoil proton was measured with a carbon polarimeter. A total of 14 different spin observables were measured (five spin transfer, four depolarization, and five triple-spin correlation parameters). These have been combined with earlier results, resulting in a data set of typically 30 measurements of 20 different spin observables for each of six ‖t‖ values between 0.2 and 1.0 (GeV/c)2. A solution for the amplitudes has been found at each ‖t‖, and comparisons are presented with several different models. The spin-nonflip helicity amplitudes are found to be much larger than the spin-flip amplitudes.
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The NA61/SHINE experiment at the CERN SPS is performing a uniqe study of the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter by varying collision energy and nuclear mass number of colliding nuclei. In central Pb+Pb collisions the NA49 experiment found structures in the energy dependence of several observables in the CERN SPS energy range that had been predicted for the transition to a deconfined phase. New measurements of NA61/SHINE find intriguing similarities in p+p interactions for which no deconfinement transition is expected at SPS energies. Possible implications will be discussed.
Phys. Rev. Lett. 14, 408 (1965)
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We present the final results of a measurement of the polarization parameter P 0 in high-energy n~-p and p-p elastic scattering, performed using a target which contained polarized protons. Data were taken at beam momenta of 6.0, 8.0, 10.0 and 12.0 GeV/c for n-, and of 6.0, 10.0 and 12.0 GeV/c for n+ and p, in the interval of invariant four-momentum transfer squared-t from 0.1 to 0.75 (GeV/c)2.
No description provided.
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We present the analysis of the inclusive $K^{0}$ production in p+p and p+Nb collisions measured with the HADES detector at a beam kinetic energy of 3.5 GeV. Data are compared to the GiBUU transport model. The data suggest the presence of a repulsive momentum-dependent kaon potential as predicted by the Chiral Perturbation Theory (ChPT). For the kaon at rest and at normal nuclear density, the ChPT potential amounts to $\approx 35$ MeV. A detailed tuning of the kaon production cross sections implemented in the model has been carried out to reproduce the experimental data measured in p+p collisions. The uncertainties in the parameters of the model were examined with respect to the sensitivity of the experimental results from p+Nb collisions to the in-medium kaon potential.
The K0 production cross section in P P collisions.
The K0 production cross section in P + NB collisions. The uncertainty given on SIG(P NB --> K0 X) is the dominating absolute normalization uncertainty.
Using 2917 $\rm{pb}^{-1}$ of data accumulated at 3.773~$\rm{GeV}$, 44.5~$\rm{pb}^{-1}$ of data accumulated at 3.65~$\rm{GeV}$ and data accumulated during a $\psi(3770)$ line-shape scan with the BESIII detector, the reaction $e^+e^-\rightarrow p\bar{p}$ is studied considering a possible interference between resonant and continuum amplitudes. The cross section of $e^+e^-\rightarrow\psi(3770)\rightarrow p\bar{p}$, $\sigma(e^+e^-\rightarrow\psi(3770)\rightarrow p\bar{p})$, is found to have two solutions, determined to be ($0.059\pm0.032\pm0.012$) pb with the phase angle $\phi = (255.8\pm37.9\pm4.8)^\circ$ ($<$0.11 pb at the 90% confidence level), or $\sigma(e^+e^-\rightarrow\psi(3770)\rightarrow p\bar{p}) = (2.57\pm0.12\pm0.12$) pb with $\phi = (266.9\pm6.1\pm0.9)^\circ$ both of which agree with a destructive interference. Using the obtained cross section of $\psi(3770)\rightarrow p\bar{p}$, the cross section of $p\bar{p}\rightarrow \psi(3770)$, which is useful information for the future PANDA experiment, is estimated to be either ($9.8\pm5.7$) nb ($<17.2$ nb at 90% C.L.) or $(425.6\pm42.9)$ nb.
Summary of results at center-of-mass energies from 3.65 to 3.90 GeV. N(SIG) is the number of E+ E- --> P P events; EPSILON is the detection efficiency; L is the integrated luminosity; (1 + DELTA)(DRESSED) is the initial state radiation correction factor without the vacuum polarization correction; and SIG(OBS), SIG(DRESSED) and SIG(BORN) are the observed cross section, the dressed cross section and the Born cross section, respectively.
The two solutions of the dressed cross section and the corresponding phase angles, PHI.
We report cumulants of the proton multiplicity distribution from dedicated fixed-target Au+Au collisions at 3.0 GeV, measured by the STAR experiment in the kinematic acceptance of rapidity ($y$) and transverse momentum ($p_{\rm T}$) within $-0.5 < y<0$ and $0.4 < p_{\rm T} <2.0 $ GeV/$c$. In the most central 0--5% collisions, a proton cumulant ratio is measured to be $C_4/C_2=-0.85 \pm 0.09 ~(\rm stat.) \pm 0.82 ~(\rm syst.)$, which is less than unity, the Poisson baseline. The hadronic transport UrQMD model reproduces our $C_4/C_2$ in the measured acceptance. Compared to higher energy results and the transport model calculations, the suppression in $C_4/C_2$ is consistent with fluctuations driven by baryon number conservation and indicates an energy regime dominated by hadronic interactions. These data imply that the QCD critical region, if created in heavy-ion collisions, could only exist at energies higher than 3 GeV.
$\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3.0 GeV data (black markers), GM (red histogram), and single and pile-up contributions from unfolding. Vertical lines on markers represent statistical uncertainties. Single, pile-up and single+pile-up collisions are shown in solid blue markers, dashed green and dashed magenta curves, respectively. Analysis is performed on 0–5% central events, indicated by a black arrow.
$\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3.0 GeV data (black markers), GM (red histogram), and single and pile-up contributions from unfolding. Vertical lines on markers represent statistical uncertainties. Single, pile-up and single+pile-up collisions are shown in solid blue markers, dashed green and dashed magenta curves, respectively. Analysis is performed on 0–5% central events, indicated by a black arrow.
Centrality dependence of the proton cumulant ratios for Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3.0 GeV. Protons are from $-0.5 < y < 0$ and $0.4 < p_{T} < 2.0$ GeV/$c$. Systematic uncertainties are represented by gray bars. Statistical uncertainties are smaller than marker size. CBWC is applied to all cumulant ratios. While open squares represent the data without the VFC correction, blue triangles and red circles are the results with VFC using the $\langle N_{\rm{part}} \rangle$ distributions from the UrQMD and Glauber models, respectively. UrQMD model results are represented as gold dashed line.
In high-energy heavy-ion collisions, partonic collectivity is evidenced by the constituent quark number scaling of elliptic flow anisotropy for identified hadrons. A breaking of this scaling and dominance of baryonic interactions is found for identified hadron collective flow measurements in $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions. In this paper, we report measurements of the first- and second-order azimuthal anisotropic parameters, $v_1$ and $v_2$, of light nuclei ($d$, $t$, $^{3}$He, $^{4}$He) produced in $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 3 GeV Au+Au collisions at the STAR experiment. An atomic mass number scaling is found in the measured $v_1$ slopes of light nuclei at mid-rapidity. For the measured $v_2$ magnitude, a strong rapidity dependence is observed. Unlike $v_2$ at higher collision energies, the $v_2$ values at mid-rapidity for all light nuclei are negative and no scaling is observed with the atomic mass number. Calculations by the Jet AA Microscopic Transport Model (JAM), with baryonic mean-field plus nucleon coalescence, are in good agreement with our observations, implying baryonic interactions dominate the collective dynamics in 3 GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC.
The rapidity and $p_{T}$ dependencies of $v_{1}$ for $p$ in 10-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.
The rapidity and $p_{T}$ dependencies of $v_{1}$ for $d$ in 10-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.
The $p_{T}$ dependencies of $v_{1}$ within $-0.1<y<0$ for $t$ in 10-40% mid-central Au+Au collisions at 3 GeV.
We report on the measurements of directed flow $v_1$ and elliptic flow $v_2$ for hadrons ($\pi^{\pm}$, $K^{\pm}$, $K_{S}^0$, $p$, $\phi$, $\Lambda$ and $\Xi^{-}$) from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3 GeV and $v_{2}$ for ($\pi^{\pm}$, $K^{\pm}$, $p$ and $\overline{p}$) at 27 and 54.4 GeV with the STAR experiment. While at the two higher energy midcentral collisions the number-of-constituent-quark (NCQ) scaling holds, at 3 GeV the $v_{2}$ at midrapidity is negative for all hadrons and the NCQ scaling is absent. In addition, the $v_1$ slopes at midrapidity for almost all observed hadrons are found to be positive, implying dominant repulsive baryonic interactions. The features of negative $v_2$ and positive $v_1$ slope at 3 GeV can be reproduced with a baryonic mean-field in transport model calculations. These results imply that the medium in such collisions is likely characterized by baryonic interactions.
Event plane resolution as a function of collision centrality from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$=3 (a), 27 and 54.4 GeV (b). In case of the 3 GeV collisions, $\Psi_{1}$ is used to determine the event plane resolutions for the first and second harmonic coefficients shown as $R_{11}$ and $R_{12}$ in left panel. In the 27 and 54.4 GeV collisions, $\Psi_{2}$ is used to evaluate the second order event plane resolution, see right panel. In all cases, the statistic uncertainties are smaller than symbol sizes.
Rapidity($y$) dependence of $v_1$ (top panels) and $v_2$ (bottom panels) of proton and $\Lambda$ baryons (left panels), pions (middle panels) and kaons (right panels) in 10-40% centrality for the $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3GeV Au+Au collisions. Statistical and systematic uncertainties are shown as bars and gray bands, respectively. Some uncertainties are smaller than the data points. The UrQMD and JAM results are shown as bands:golden, red and blue bands stand for JAM mean-field, UrQMD mean-field and UrQMD cascade mode, respectively. The value of the incompressibility $\kappa$ = 380 MeV is used in the mean-field option. More detailed model descriptions and data comparisons can be found in Supplemental Material.
Rapidity($y$) dependence of $v_1$ (top panels) and $v_2$ (bottom panels) of proton and $\Lambda$ baryons (left panels), pions (middle panels) and kaons (right panels) in 10-40% centrality for the $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 3GeV Au+Au collisions. Statistical and systematic uncertainties are shown as bars and gray bands, respectively. Some uncertainties are smaller than the data points. The UrQMD and JAM results are shown as bands:golden, red and blue bands stand for JAM mean-field, UrQMD mean-field and UrQMD cascade mode, respectively. The value of the incompressibility $\kappa$ = 380 MeV is used in the mean-field option. More detailed model descriptions and data comparisons can be found in Supplemental Material.
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