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Positive pions produced in a cold, high-pressure hydrogen gas target by the 500-Mev bremsstrahlung of the CalTech synchrotron, have been analyzed by a large magnetic spectrometer. The photoproduction cross section has been measured as a function of photon energy at laboratory angles of 12.5°, 30°, 51°, 73°, 104°, 140°, and 180°. The energy region covered depends somewhat on the angle, but is typically from 200 to 470 Mev. From these excitation curves the angular distribution of the photopions in the center of momentum system is obtained for various photon energies, and these angular distributions are analyzed in the form A+Bcosθ+Ccos2θ. The angular distribution has a backward maximum at low energies and a forward maximum at high energies, the coefficient B changing sign at about 340 Mev. The total cross section shows a striking maximum near 290 Mev, of magnitude 205×10−30 cm2, and falls off above the maximum faster than λ2.
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The cross section of the pure QED process e + e − → γγ has been measured using data accumulated during the 1989 and 1990 scans of the Z 0 resonance at LEP. Both the energy dependence and the angular distribution are in good agreement with the QED prediction. Upper limits on the branching ratios of Z 0 → γγ , Z 0 → π 0 γ and Z 0 → ηγ have been set at 1.4×10 −4 , 1.4×10 −4 and 2.0×10 −4 respectively. Lower limits on the cutoff parameters of the modified electron propagator have been found to be Λ + > 117 GeV and Λ − > 110 GeV. The reaction e + e − → γγγ has also been studied and was found to be consistent with the QED prediction. An upper limit on the branching ratio of Z 0 → γγγ has been set at 6.6 × 10 −5 . All the limits are given at 95% confidence level.
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The total and differential cross-sections for the reaction e + e − → γγ ( γ ) are measured at centre of mass energies around 91 GeV using an integrated luminosity of 4.7 pb −1 . The aggreement with QED prediction is good. Consequently there is no evidence for non-standard channels which would have the same experimental signature. The lower limits on the QED cuttoff parameters are Λ + > 113 GeV and Λ − > 95 GeV. An upper limit on the effective coupling between a possible excited electron and the gamma is derived. At 95% confidence level the branching ratios for Z 0 decay into π 0 γ, ηψ and γγγ are below 1.5 × 10 −4 , 2.8 × 10 −4 and 1.4 × 10 −4 respectively.
Radiative effects are subtracted.
Radiative effects subtracted.
The reaction $\gamma p\to p\pi^0\eta$ has been studied with the CBELSA detector at the tagged photon beam of the Bonn electron stretcher facility. The reaction shows contributions from $\Delta^+(1232)\eta$, $N(1535)^+\pi^0$ and $pa_0(980)$ as intermediate states. A partial wave analysis suggests that the reaction proceeds via formation of six $\Delta$ resonances, $\Delta(1600)P_{33}$, $\Delta(1920)P_{33}$, $\Delta(1700)D_{33}$, $\Delta(1940)D_{33}$, $\Delta(1905)F_{35}$, $\Delta(2360)D_{33}$, and two nucleon resonances $N(1880)P_{11}$ and $N(2200)P_{13}$, for which pole positions and decay branching ratios are given.
Total cross section for GAMMA P --> P PI0 ETA.
Differential cross sections as a function of the angles of the individual final state particles for the W range 1.7 to 1.9 GeV.. Errors shown are statistical only.
Differential cross sections as a function of the angles of the individual final state particles for the W range 1.9 to 2.1 GeV.. Errors shown are statistical only.
The pure QED reaction e + e − → γγ has been studied at centre of mass energies around the mass of the Z 0 boson using data recorded by the OPAL detector at LEP. The results are in good agreement with the QED prediction. Lower limits on the cutoff parameters of the modified electron propagator are found to be Λ + >89 GeV and Λ. The lower limit on the mass of an excited electron is 82 GeV assuming the coupling constant λ =1. Upper limits on the branching ratios of Z 0 → γγ , Z 0 → π 0 γ and Z 0 → ηγ are set at 3.7×10 −4 , 3.9×10 −4 and 5.8×10 −4 respectively. Two events from the reaction e + e − → γγγ have been observed, consistent with the QED prediction. An upper limit on the branching ratio of Z 0 → γγγ is set at 2.8×10 −4 . All the limits are given at 95% confidence level.
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Data read from graph.
Total and differential cross sections for $\eta$ and $\eta ^\prime$ photoproduction off the proton have been determined with the CBELSA/TAPS detector for photon energies between 0.85 and 2.55 GeV. The $\eta$ mesons are detected in their two neutral decay modes, $\eta\to\gamma\gamma$ and $\eta\to 3\pi^0\to 6\gamma$, and for the first time, cover the full angular range in $\rm cos \theta_{cm}$ of the $\eta$ meson. These new $\eta$ photoproduction data are consistent with the earlier CB-ELSA results. The $\eta ^\prime$ mesons are observed in their neutral decay to $\pi^0\pi^0\eta\to 6\gamma$ and also extend the coverage in angular range.
Differential cross section for ETA production at incident photon energy 0.850 to 0.900 GeV.
Differential cross section for ETA production at incident photon energy 0.900 to 0.950 GeV.
Differential cross section for ETA production at incident photon energy 0.950 to 1.000 GeV.
We have studied the process e<sup loc="post">+</sup>e<sup loc="post">−</sup> → nγ (n ≥ 2) at an average center-of-mass energy of 133 GeV using the L3 detector at LEP. For an integrated luminosity of 4.95 pb<sup loc="post">−1</sup> we find one γγγγ(γ) final state with only hard photons. The rates of both γγγ and γγ events are consistent with QED expectations. The cross section of the reaction e<sup loc="post">+</sup>e<sup loc="post">−</sup> → γγ(γ) in the polar range 16° < θγ < 164° is measured to be 22.6 ± 2.2 pb. Decays into photons of narrow scalar resonances with masses between 90 and 130 GeV are not observed. The observation of the event with four energetic photons is consistent with QED although the kinematic configuration of the photons is atypical.
Cross section for process E+ E- --> GAMMA GAMMA (GAMMA) with two hard photons.Error is purely statistical, systematic effects are neglected.
A test of the QED process e+e- -> gamma gamma (gamma) is reported. The data analysed were collected with the DELPHI detector in 1998 and 1999 at the highest energies achieved at LEP, reaching 202 GeV in the centre-of-mass. The total integrated luminosity amounts to 375.7 pb^{-1}. The differential and total cross-sections for the process e+e- -> gamma gamma were measured, and found to be in agreement with the QED prediction. 95% Confidence Level (C.L.) lower limits on the QED cut-off parameters of Lambda+ > 330 GeV and Lambda- > 320 GeV were derived. A 95% C.L. lower bound on the mass of an excited electron of 311 GeV/c^2 (for lambda_gamma = 1) was obtained. s-channel virtual graviton exchange was searched for, resulting in 95% C.L. lower limits on the string mass scale, M_S: M_S > 713 GeV/c^2 (lambda = 1) and M_S > 691 GeV/c^2 (lambda = -1).
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Photoproduction of neutral pions has been studied with the CBELSA/TAPS detector in the reaction $\gamma p\to p\pi^0$ for photon energies between 0.85 and 2.50 GeV. The $\pi^0$ mesons are observed in their dominant neutral decay mode: $\pi^0\to\gamma\gamma$. For the first time, the differential cross sections cover the very forward region, $\theta_{\rm c.m.}<60^\circ$. A partial-wave analysis of these data within the Bonn-Gatchina framework observes the high-mass resonances $G_{17}$(2190), $D_{13}$(2080), and $D_{15}$(2070).
Differential cross section for the process GAMMA P --> PI0 P as a function of the cosine of the centre-of-mass scattering angle of the PI0 for photon energies from 0.850 to 0.875 GeV.
Differential cross section for the process GAMMA P --> PI0 P as a function of the cosine of the centre-of-mass scattering angle of the PI0 for photon energies from 0.875 to 0.900 GeV.
Differential cross section for the process GAMMA P --> PI0 P as a function of the cosine of the centre-of-mass scattering angle of the PI0 for photon energies from 0.900 to 0.925 GeV.
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