The formation and subsequent decay of nuclei excited via the annihilation of 1.22-GeV antiprotons have been investigated at the low energy antiproton ring (LEAR). Both neutrons and charged products, from protons up to fission fragments and heavy residues, were detected over a solid angle of 4π by means of the Berlin neutron ball (BNB) and the Berlin silicon ball (BSiB), respectively. All events associated with an inelasticity greater than 10 MeV were recorded, a condition fulfilled for 100% of the annihilation events. The distributions of excitation energy (E*) of the transient hot nuclei have been investigated for a large range of target nuclei, E* being determined event by event from the total multiplicity of light particles. The average excitation energies are about twice as large as for annihilations at rest, and range from 2.5 MeV/nucleon for the Cu target to 1.5 MeV/nucleon for the U target, in good agreement with the predictions of an intranuclear-cascade model. The distributions extend to E*>8 MeV/nucleon for Cu and E*>5 MeV/nucleon for Au, with cross sections exceeding 1% of σreac. Thanks to the capability of determining E* for all events, largely irrespective of their mass partitions, the probabilities of the different decay channels at play could be estimated as a function of E*. The data show the prevalence of fission and evaporation up to E*=4–5 MeV/nucleon for Au and U. The fission probability Pfis was measured for the first time over the full range of E*. The reproduction of the data by statistical models is reasonable, provided that the ratio af/an is adjusted for the different targets and a transient time shorter than 1×10−21 s is considered. The experiment has allowed the fission probability to be investigated as functions of the associated neutron and light-charged particle multiplicities. The intermediate-mass fragment multiplicities rise smoothly with E* up to about 1 unit at E*=1 GeV for Au and U, with no indication of significant contribution from another process than evaporation. Heavy residues have been measured quite abundantly at the highest E*, with most of their kinetic energy arising from the recoil effects in the evaporation stage. Overall, the data allow a coherent picture to be established, consistent with the hot nucleus retaining conventional decay properties.
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Simultaneous measurements of inclusive energy spectra and multiplicities of π±, K±, n, p, d, and t following antiproton annihilation on nuclei over a wide energy range and in the case of neutrons down to the evaporative part of the spectra are reported. Thirteen targets in the mass range of A=12–238 were used in a target mass dependent investigation of the fast stage of the antiproton-nucleus interaction. The deduced transferred, preequilibrium and equilibrium excitation energies agree very well with the dynamical picture drawn by the intranuclear cascade model (INC). Ratios of directly emitted neutrons to protons have been determined to be about twice the N/Z ratio in the target nucleus nearly independently of its mass. These unexpected values for this new sensitive observable are not completely understood in the standard framework of INC. Possible effects of isospin and nucleon densities as well as further schemes beyond the INC are discussed.
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Spectra of hydrogen and helium ions emitted after stopped antiproton annihilation in nuclei have been measured with a Si-detector telescope. Targets of 12 C, 40 Ca, 63 Cu, 92 Mo, 98 Mo and 238 U were used. The 3 He and 4 He energy spectra can be fitted with the exponential function e − E / T . The parameter T is essentially independent of the target mass number A . A simple pickup model reproduces the 4 He/ 3 He ratios as a function of Z and N (target proton and neutron number). The proton spectra from the 238 U target indicate that some protons are also emitted by the fission fragments.
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Energy spectra of protons, deuterons and tritons from the annihilation of antiprotons stopped in 12 C, 40 Ca, 63 Cu, 92,98 Mo and 238 U have been measured with a Ge-detector telescope. Parameters related to the shape of the spectra were calculated and their dependence on target and ejectile mass number was determined. Yields per p̄ of directly emitted protons, deuterons and tritons and of evaporated protons were estimated.
THE PROTON SPECTRA WERE FITTED WITH THE EXPRESSION N(E)=N1*EXP( -SLOPE(Q=1)*E)+N2*EXP(-SLOPE(Q=2)*E).
Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (?////).
Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (?////).
A new method to study the nuclear periphery using antiproton annihilation was applied to nine isotopes with mass numbers between 58 and 238. The method makes use of the detection of the radioactive annihilation products one unit lower in mass number than the target. A clear neutron halo effect, strongly correlated with the neutron binding energy, was observed in some nuclei. The experimental results are in qualitative agreement with calculations of proton and neutron densities at the nuclear periphery based on either a simple asymptotic density model or a more complex Hartree-Fock approach.
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A(FRAGT)=A(TARGET)-1.
The A dependence of nuclear fission induced by stopped antiprotons has been measured. An unambiguous identification of the binary fission decay mode was provided by a coordinate measurement of complementary fission fragments in coincidence using a large-acceptance fission detector based on low pressure multiwire proportional chambers. A deep fissility minimum was observed nearA=100, in agreement with the general behaviour predicted by the liquid-drop model. An unexpectedly low and high fission probability was found for the Ag and Cu nuclei, respectively.
The fission probabilities D_f(x) for different nuclei were determined rela tive to AU197 with the formula: D_(x)=(N_f(x)/n(x)*S(x)*N(x))*(n(Au)*S(Au)*N(Au )/*N_f(Au))*D_f(Au), where N_f is the number of registered fossion events, n is the target thickness, S is the stopping power, N is the number of antiprotons counted by the scintillation telescope.
The distribution of nuclei resulting from the annihilation of stopped antiprotons on238U has been studied by an off-line measurement of the residual radioactivity. It was found that the probability of fission exceeds 84% (68% c.l.). The charge and mass distributions of the fission products can be separated into two parts, a more frequent symmetric component originating from high energy fission (excitation energy between 100 MeV and 1 GeV) and an asymmetric component from low energy fission (excitation energy less than 40 MeV).
The measured yields per 1000 stopped PBAR.
Energy spectra of protons, deuterons and tritons from stopped-antiproton annihilation in Li, Si, Ca, Ni, Ge, Mo, Ho, Yb, Pb and Th have been measured with a Ge detector telescope. The shapes of these and of previously obtained spectra and the corresponding yields were analysed and compared with statistical calculations including intranuclear cascade, coalescence, pre-equilibrium processes, evaporation, multifragmentation and Fermi break-up. The relative importance and the A -dependence of the various processes are elucidated.
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We employ data taken by the JADE and OPAL experiments for an integrated QCD study in hadronic e+e- annihilations at c.m.s. energies ranging from 35 GeV through 189 GeV. The study is based on jet-multiplicity related observables. The observables are obtained to high jet resolution scales with the JADE, Durham, Cambridge and cone jet finders, and compared with the predictions of various QCD and Monte Carlo models. The strong coupling strength, alpha_s, is determined at each energy by fits of O(alpha_s^2) calculations, as well as matched O(alpha_s^2) and NLLA predictions, to the data. Matching schemes are compared, and the dependence of the results on the choice of the renormalization scale is investigated. The combination of the results using matched predictions gives alpha_s(MZ)=0.1187+{0.0034}-{0.0019}. The strong coupling is also obtained, at lower precision, from O(alpha_s^2) fits of the c.m.s. energy evolution of some of the observables. A qualitative comparison is made between the data and a recent MLLA prediction for mean jet multiplicities.
Overall result for ALPHAS at the Z0 mass from the combination of the ln R-matching results from the observables evolved using a three-loop running expression. The errors shown are total errors and contain all the statistics and systematics.
Weighted mean for ALPHAS at the Z0 mass determined from the energy evolutions of the mean values of the 2-jet cross sections obtained with the JADE and DURHAMschemes and the 3-jet fraction for the JADE, DURHAM and CAMBRIDGE schemes evaluted at a fixed YCUT.. The errors shown are total errors and contain all the statistics and systematics.
Combined results for ALPHA_S from fits of matched predicitions. The first systematic (DSYS) error is the experimental systematic, the second DSYS error isthe hadronization systematic and the third is the QCD scale error. The values of ALPHAS evolved to the Z0 mass using a three-loop evolution are also given.
The total cross section for η production in deuteron-deuteron interactions has been measured at four different kinetic energies, from 0.7 MeV to 3.7 MeV above threshold. The squared amplitude is consistent with a constant value of ‖f‖2=(24.6±1.2±1.7) nb/sr close to threshold (14<pη<40 MeV/c). Assuming that the π0-η mixing reaction mechanism is dominant, this result allows a prediction of (dσ/dΩ)π0=(8.3±0.5 ±0.6) pb/sr for the cross section of the isospin-forbidden reaction d+d→α+π0 at the η-threshold energy.
ETA momenta correspond to DEUT Tlab = 1121, 1122, 1123, 1124 MEV.
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