$\rho^0$ production cross section determined with the data set collected with trigger B, as a function of momentum transfer $t$, fitted with a double exponential fit function in the range $t < 0.1$. The statistical errors are shown. The ratio of incoherent to coherent cross sections is measured to be $0.20 \pm 0.8$. The fit parameters are shown in Table I.

Comparison of theoretical predictions to the measured total cross section for coherent $\rho^0$ production as a functionof $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ . The measured cross section is based on the dataset collected with trigger B. The error bars show the sum of the statistical and systematic uncertainties. See text for details.

Average charged particle multiplicity for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransDIF region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 1.96 TeV.

Average charged particle pT sum for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransMAX region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 1.96 TeV.

Average charged particle pT sum for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransMIN region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 1.96 TeV.

Average charged particle pT sum for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransAVE region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 1.96 TeV.

Average charged particle pT sum for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransDIF region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 1.96 TeV.

Average charged particle multiplicity for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransMAX region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 900 GeV.

Average charged particle multiplicity for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransMIN region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 900 GeV.

Average charged particle multiplicity for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransAVE region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 900 GeV.

Average charged particle multiplicity for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransDIF region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 900 GeV.

Average charged particle pT sum for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransMAX region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 900 GeV.

Average charged particle pT sum for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransMIN region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 900 GeV.

Average charged particle pT sum for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransAVE region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 900 GeV.

Average charged particle pT sum for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransDIF region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 900 GeV.

Average charged particle multiplicity for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransMAX region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 300 GeV.

Average charged particle multiplicity for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransMIN region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 300 GeV.

Average charged particle multiplicity for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransAVE region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 300 GeV.

Average charged particle multiplicity for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransDIF region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 300 GeV.

Average charged particle pT sum for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransMAX region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 300 GeV.

Average charged particle pT sum for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransMIN region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 300 GeV.

Average charged particle pT sum for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransAVE region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 300 GeV.

Average charged particle pT sum for charged particles with pT > 0.5 GeV and |eta| < 0.8 in the TransDIF region as defined by the leading charged particle, as a function of the transverse momentum of the leading charged-particle pTmax, at 300 GeV.

FIG. 1. (Color online) Perspective views of $2 \mathrm{D}$ charge-independent angular correlations $\Delta \rho / \sqrt{\rho_{\mathrm{ref}}}$ on $\left(\eta_{\Delta}, \phi_{\Delta}\right)$ for Au-Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}}=200$ and $62 \mathrm{GeV}$ (top and bottom rows, respectively). Centrality increases left to right from most peripheral to most central. Corrected total cross-section fractions are (left to right) $84 \%-93 \%, 55 \%-64 \%, 18 \%-28 \%,$ and $0 \%-5 \%$ for the $200-\mathrm{GeV}$ data and $84 \%-95 \%, 56 \%-65 \%$ $18 \%-28 \%,$ and $0 \%-5 \%$ for the $62 \mathrm{GeV}$ data (see Tables III and IV).

FIG. 1. (Color online) Perspective views of $2 \mathrm{D}$ charge-independent angular correlations $\Delta \rho / \sqrt{\rho_{\mathrm{ref}}}$ on $\left(\eta_{\Delta}, \phi_{\Delta}\right)$ for Au-Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}}=200$ and $62 \mathrm{GeV}$ (top and bottom rows, respectively). Centrality increases left to right from most peripheral to most central. Corrected total cross-section fractions are (left to right) $84 \%-93 \%, 55 \%-64 \%, 18 \%-28 \%,$ and $0 \%-5 \%$ for the $200-\mathrm{GeV}$ data and $84 \%-95 \%, 56 \%-65 \%$ $18 \%-28 \%,$ and $0 \%-5 \%$ for the $62 \mathrm{GeV}$ data (see Tables III and IV).

FIG. 1. (Color online) Perspective views of $2 \mathrm{D}$ charge-independent angular correlations $\Delta \rho / \sqrt{\rho_{\mathrm{ref}}}$ on $\left(\eta_{\Delta}, \phi_{\Delta}\right)$ for Au-Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}}=200$ and $62 \mathrm{GeV}$ (top and bottom rows, respectively). Centrality increases left to right from most peripheral to most central. Corrected total cross-section fractions are (left to right) $84 \%-93 \%, 55 \%-64 \%, 18 \%-28 \%,$ and $0 \%-5 \%$ for the $200-\mathrm{GeV}$ data and $84 \%-95 \%, 56 \%-65 \%$ $18 \%-28 \%,$ and $0 \%-5 \%$ for the $62 \mathrm{GeV}$ data (see Tables III and IV).

FIG. 1. (Color online) Perspective views of $2 \mathrm{D}$ charge-independent angular correlations $\Delta \rho / \sqrt{\rho_{\mathrm{ref}}}$ on $\left(\eta_{\Delta}, \phi_{\Delta}\right)$ for Au-Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}}=200$ and $62 \mathrm{GeV}$ (top and bottom rows, respectively). Centrality increases left to right from most peripheral to most central. Corrected total cross-section fractions are (left to right) $84 \%-93 \%, 55 \%-64 \%, 18 \%-28 \%,$ and $0 \%-5 \%$ for the $200-\mathrm{GeV}$ data and $84 \%-95 \%, 56 \%-65 \%$ $18 \%-28 \%,$ and $0 \%-5 \%$ for the $62 \mathrm{GeV}$ data (see Tables III and IV).

FIG. 1. (Color online) Perspective views of $2 \mathrm{D}$ charge-independent angular correlations $\Delta \rho / \sqrt{\rho_{\mathrm{ref}}}$ on $\left(\eta_{\Delta}, \phi_{\Delta}\right)$ for Au-Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}}=200$ and $62 \mathrm{GeV}$ (top and bottom rows, respectively). Centrality increases left to right from most peripheral to most central. Corrected total cross-section fractions are (left to right) $84 \%-93 \%, 55 \%-64 \%, 18 \%-28 \%,$ and $0 \%-5 \%$ for the $200-\mathrm{GeV}$ data and $84 \%-95 \%, 56 \%-65 \%$ $18 \%-28 \%,$ and $0 \%-5 \%$ for the $62 \mathrm{GeV}$ data (see Tables III and IV).

FIG. 2. (Color online) Fit decomposition of the $46 \%-56 \%$ centrality data for 62 -GeV Au-Au collisions. The top panels show from left to right the corrected data, model fit, fit residuals (data - model), and same-side 2D Gaussian. The bottom panels similarly show the away-side azimuth dipole, the nonjet azimuth quadrupole, the 1D $\eta_{\Delta}$ Gaussian, and the 2D exponential. This centrality is just below the sharp transition at $v_{\text {trans }}=3$. Fit residuals (c) are scaled up eightfold relative to the data.

FIG. 3. Fit parameters for $\left(\eta_{\Delta}, \phi_{\Delta}\right)$ correlation data from Au-Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}}=62$ (open symbols) and 200 GeV (solid symbols) versus centrality measure $\nu$ computed at fixed energy $(200 \mathrm{GeV})$. The SS $2 \mathrm{D}$ Gaussian amplitudes, $\eta_{\Delta}$ widths, and $\phi_{\Delta}$ widths are shown in the left, center, and right panels, respectively of the top row. The bottom row shows from left to right the amplitudes for the dipole, quadrupole, and SS peak width aspect ratio $\sigma_{\eta_{\Delta}} / \sigma_{\phi_{\Delta}} .$ Fitting errors are indicated by error bars where larger than the symbols. Solid lines connect the points for clarity. The dotted and dashed curves indicate Glauber linear superposition estimates for 62 - and 200 -GeV peak amplitudes respectively, as discussed in the text. The quadrupole data are consistent with Ref. [60]. The hatched regions indicate the full range of systematic uncertainties listed in Appendix F. The vertical dark bands indicate estimated $v$ equivalents for $N-N$ collisions and $b=0$ Au-Au collisions.

FIG. 3. Fit parameters for $\left(\eta_{\Delta}, \phi_{\Delta}\right)$ correlation data from Au-Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}}=62$ (open symbols) and 200 GeV (solid symbols) versus centrality measure $\nu$ computed at fixed energy $(200 \mathrm{GeV})$. The SS $2 \mathrm{D}$ Gaussian amplitudes, $\eta_{\Delta}$ widths, and $\phi_{\Delta}$ widths are shown in the left, center, and right panels, respectively of the top row. The bottom row shows from left to right the amplitudes for the dipole, quadrupole, and SS peak width aspect ratio $\sigma_{\eta_{\Delta}} / \sigma_{\phi_{\Delta}} .$ Fitting errors are indicated by error bars where larger than the symbols. Solid lines connect the points for clarity. The dotted and dashed curves indicate Glauber linear superposition estimates for 62 - and 200 -GeV peak amplitudes respectively, as discussed in the text. The quadrupole data are consistent with Ref. [60]. The hatched regions indicate the full range of systematic uncertainties listed in Appendix F. The vertical dark bands indicate estimated $v$ equivalents for $N-N$ collisions and $b=0$ Au-Au collisions.

FIG. 3. Fit parameters for $\left(\eta_{\Delta}, \phi_{\Delta}\right)$ correlation data from Au-Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}}=62$ (open symbols) and 200 GeV (solid symbols) versus centrality measure $\nu$ computed at fixed energy $(200 \mathrm{GeV})$. The SS $2 \mathrm{D}$ Gaussian amplitudes, $\eta_{\Delta}$ widths, and $\phi_{\Delta}$ widths are shown in the left, center, and right panels, respectively of the top row. The bottom row shows from left to right the amplitudes for the dipole, quadrupole, and SS peak width aspect ratio $\sigma_{\eta_{\Delta}} / \sigma_{\phi_{\Delta}} .$ Fitting errors are indicated by error bars where larger than the symbols. Solid lines connect the points for clarity. The dotted and dashed curves indicate Glauber linear superposition estimates for 62 - and 200 -GeV peak amplitudes respectively, as discussed in the text. The quadrupole data are consistent with Ref. [60]. The hatched regions indicate the full range of systematic uncertainties listed in Appendix F. The vertical dark bands indicate estimated $v$ equivalents for $N-N$ collisions and $b=0$ Au-Au collisions.

FIG. 3. Fit parameters for $\left(\eta_{\Delta}, \phi_{\Delta}\right)$ correlation data from Au-Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}}=62$ (open symbols) and 200 GeV (solid symbols) versus centrality measure $\nu$ computed at fixed energy $(200 \mathrm{GeV})$. The SS $2 \mathrm{D}$ Gaussian amplitudes, $\eta_{\Delta}$ widths, and $\phi_{\Delta}$ widths are shown in the left, center, and right panels, respectively of the top row. The bottom row shows from left to right the amplitudes for the dipole, quadrupole, and SS peak width aspect ratio $\sigma_{\eta_{\Delta}} / \sigma_{\phi_{\Delta}} .$ Fitting errors are indicated by error bars where larger than the symbols. Solid lines connect the points for clarity. The dotted and dashed curves indicate Glauber linear superposition estimates for 62 - and 200 -GeV peak amplitudes respectively, as discussed in the text. The quadrupole data are consistent with Ref. [60]. The hatched regions indicate the full range of systematic uncertainties listed in Appendix F. The vertical dark bands indicate estimated $v$ equivalents for $N-N$ collisions and $b=0$ Au-Au collisions.

FIG. 3. Fit parameters for $\left(\eta_{\Delta}, \phi_{\Delta}\right)$ correlation data from Au-Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}}=62$ (open symbols) and 200 GeV (solid symbols) versus centrality measure $\nu$ computed at fixed energy $(200 \mathrm{GeV})$. The SS $2 \mathrm{D}$ Gaussian amplitudes, $\eta_{\Delta}$ widths, and $\phi_{\Delta}$ widths are shown in the left, center, and right panels, respectively of the top row. The bottom row shows from left to right the amplitudes for the dipole, quadrupole, and SS peak width aspect ratio $\sigma_{\eta_{\Delta}} / \sigma_{\phi_{\Delta}} .$ Fitting errors are indicated by error bars where larger than the symbols. Solid lines connect the points for clarity. The dotted and dashed curves indicate Glauber linear superposition estimates for 62 - and 200 -GeV peak amplitudes respectively, as discussed in the text. The quadrupole data are consistent with Ref. [60]. The hatched regions indicate the full range of systematic uncertainties listed in Appendix F. The vertical dark bands indicate estimated $v$ equivalents for $N-N$ collisions and $b=0$ Au-Au collisions.

FIG. 3. Fit parameters for $\left(\eta_{\Delta}, \phi_{\Delta}\right)$ correlation data from Au-Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{N N}}=62$ (open symbols) and 200 GeV (solid symbols) versus centrality measure $\nu$ computed at fixed energy $(200 \mathrm{GeV})$. The SS $2 \mathrm{D}$ Gaussian amplitudes, $\eta_{\Delta}$ widths, and $\phi_{\Delta}$ widths are shown in the left, center, and right panels, respectively of the top row. The bottom row shows from left to right the amplitudes for the dipole, quadrupole, and SS peak width aspect ratio $\sigma_{\eta_{\Delta}} / \sigma_{\phi_{\Delta}} .$ Fitting errors are indicated by error bars where larger than the symbols. Solid lines connect the points for clarity. The dotted and dashed curves indicate Glauber linear superposition estimates for 62 - and 200 -GeV peak amplitudes respectively, as discussed in the text. The quadrupole data are consistent with Ref. [60]. The hatched regions indicate the full range of systematic uncertainties listed in Appendix F. The vertical dark bands indicate estimated $v$ equivalents for $N-N$ collisions and $b=0$ Au-Au collisions.

FIG. 4. (Color online) (a) 2D data histogram from $0 \%-5 \%$ central 200 GeV Au-Au collisions $[(0,0)$ bin suppressed]. (b) Additional model component fitted to the $2 \mathrm{D}$ histogram and consisting of an AS azimuth dipole modulated by function $F\left(\eta_{\Delta}\right)$ described in the text. (c) Fit residuals including the new model component. (d) Data histogram in the first panel minus the additional model component and fitted offset. Remaining structure is described accurately by an AS dipole and SS 2D Gaussian.

FIG. 9. (a) Amplitude of SS 2D peak (jet-correlated pairs per final-state hadron) for data (solid points), GLS extrapolation from $p$ - $p$ data (dashed curve) and from the HIJING Monte Carlo (open points, dotted curve). (b) Single-particle production extrapolated from $p-p$ data (dashed curve, GLS), and from more-central Au-Au data (solid line) and HIJING (dash-dotted line, open points). (c) Single-particle hard-component production per $N-N$ binary collision from $p-p$ data, from more-central Au-Au data and from HIJING (open points). (d) Jet-correlated pair production (SS 2D peak) per $N-N$ binary collision extrapolated from $p-p$ data (GLS), and from Au-Au data (solid points) and HIJING (open points).

FIG. 9. (a) Amplitude of SS 2D peak (jet-correlated pairs per final-state hadron) for data (solid points), GLS extrapolation from $p$ - $p$ data (dashed curve) and from the HIJING Monte Carlo (open points, dotted curve). (b) Single-particle production extrapolated from $p-p$ data (dashed curve, GLS), and from more-central Au-Au data (solid line) and HIJING (dash-dotted line, open points). (c) Single-particle hard-component production per $N-N$ binary collision from $p-p$ data, from more-central Au-Au data and from HIJING (open points). (d) Jet-correlated pair production (SS 2D peak) per $N-N$ binary collision extrapolated from $p-p$ data (GLS), and from Au-Au data (solid points) and HIJING (open points).

FIG. 9. (a) Amplitude of SS 2D peak (jet-correlated pairs per final-state hadron) for data (solid points), GLS extrapolation from $p$ - $p$ data (dashed curve) and from the HIJING Monte Carlo (open points, dotted curve). (b) Single-particle production extrapolated from $p-p$ data (dashed curve, GLS), and from more-central Au-Au data (solid line) and HIJING (dash-dotted line, open points). (c) Single-particle hard-component production per $N-N$ binary collision from $p-p$ data, from more-central Au-Au data and from HIJING (open points). (d) Jet-correlated pair production (SS 2D peak) per $N-N$ binary collision extrapolated from $p-p$ data (GLS), and from Au-Au data (solid points) and HIJING (open points).

FIG. 9. (a) Amplitude of SS 2D peak (jet-correlated pairs per final-state hadron) for data (solid points), GLS extrapolation from $p$ - $p$ data (dashed curve) and from the HIJING Monte Carlo (open points, dotted curve). (b) Single-particle production extrapolated from $p-p$ data (dashed curve, GLS), and from more-central Au-Au data (solid line) and HIJING (dash-dotted line, open points). (c) Single-particle hard-component production per $N-N$ binary collision from $p-p$ data, from more-central Au-Au data and from HIJING (open points). (d) Jet-correlated pair production (SS 2D peak) per $N-N$ binary collision extrapolated from $p-p$ data (GLS), and from Au-Au data (solid points) and HIJING (open points).

FIG. 11. (Color online) (Left) Uncorrected angular correlations from 62-GeV $37 \%-46 \%$ central Au-Au collisions showing pileup distortions, especially evident as the W-shaped nonuniformity of the AS ridge on $\eta_{\Delta}$. (Right) The same data with pileup correction applied.

The angle Delta between the away-side peaks and DeltaPhi = pi for 4 < pT_trig < 6 GeV/c in 0-12% central Au+Au collisions as a function of pT_assoc . Three different parametrisations of the away-side peak shape were used. The errors are statistical errors from the fit.

Near-side (|dphi| < 0.9) associated yield per trigger particle for various trigger particle pT selections as a function of associated pT . Results are shown for 0-12% central Au+Au collisions and for d+Au collisions.

Near-side (|dphi| < 0.9) ratios of the per-trigger associated yields in central Au+Au and d+Au collisions.

Away-side (|dphi| > 0.9) associated yield per trigger particle for various trigger particle pT selections as a function of associated pT . Results are shown for 0-12% central Au+Au collisions and for d+Au collisions.

Away-side (|dphi| > 0.9) ratios of the per-trigger associated yields in central Au+Au and d+Au collisions.

Mean transverse momentum <pT> of associated particles with 0.25 < pT,assoc < 4.0 GeV/c, for four different centrality selections.

Mean transverse momentum <pT> (DeltaPhi) of associated hadrons in the range 0.25 < pT_assoc < 4.0 GeV/c in the core (|DeltaPhi − pi| < pi/6) and cone (pi/6 < |DeltaPhi − pi| < pi/2) azimuthal regions for 3 < pT_trig < 4 GeV/c and 4 < pT_trig < 6 GeV/c as a function of number of participants. The inclusive <pT> in the same pT range for events with a trigger hadron is also indicated.

The balance function in terms of $\Delta y$ for identified charged pion pairs from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV for nine centrality bins.

The balance function in terms of $\Delta y$ for identified charged kaon pairs from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV for nine centrality bins.

The balance function for p+p collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The top panel shows the balance function for all charged particles in terms of $\Delta \eta$. The bottom panel gives the balance function for charged pion pairs and charged kaon pairs in terms of $\Delta y$.

The balance function for p+p collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. The top panel shows the balance function for all charged particles in terms of $\Delta \eta$. The bottom panel gives the balance function for charged pion pairs and charged kaon pairs in terms of $\Delta y$.

The balance function in terms of $\Delta \eta$ for all charged particles from d+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV for three centrality bins.

The balance function in terms of $q_{inv}$ for charged pion pairs from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV in nine centrality bins. Curves correspond to a thermal distribution (Eq. 3) plus $K^{0}_{S}$ decay.

The balance function in terms of $q_{inv}$ for charged-pion pairs in two centrality bins over the range 0 < $q_{inv}$ < 0.2 GeV/c.

The balance function in terms of $q_{inv}$ for charged kaon pairs from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV in nine centrality bins. Curves correspond to a thermal (Eq. 3) distribution plus $\phi$ decay.

The balance function in terms of $q_{inv}$ for charged pion pairs [part a)] and charged kaon pairs [part b)] from p+p collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV integrated over all multiplicities. Solid curves correspond to a thermal distribution (Eq. 3) plus $K^{0}_{S}$ and $\rho^{0}$ decay for pions and φ decay for kaons. The dashed curve for pions represents a fit to a thermal distribution (Eq. 3) plus $K^{0}_{S}$ decay and $\rho^{0}$ decay, with the $\rho^{0}$ mass shifted down by 0.04 $GeV/c^{2}$.

The balance function in terms of $q_{long}$ for charged pion pairs from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV in nine centrality bins.

The balance function in terms of $q_{out}$ for charged pion pairs from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV in nine centrality bins.

(Color online) The balance function in terms of $q_{side}$ for charged pion pairs from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV for nine centrality bins.

(Color online) The balance function in terms of $\Delta\phi$ for all charged particles with 0.2< pt<2.0 GeV/c from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV in nine centrality bins.The closed circles represent the real data minus the mixed events.

(Color online) The balance function in terms of $\Delta\phi$ for all charged particles with 1.0< pt<10.0 GeV/c from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV in nine centrality bins.The closed circles represent the real data minus the mixed events.

(Color online) The balance function in terms of $\Delta y$ for charged pions from central collisions of Au+Au at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV compared with predictions from the blast-wave model from Ref.[30] and filtered HIJING calculations taking into account acceptance and efficiency.

(Color online) The balance function in terms of $\Delta y$ for charged pions from central collisions of Au+Au at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV compared with predictions from the blast-wave model from Ref.[30] and filtered HIJING calculations taking into account acceptance and efficiency.

(Color online) The balance function in terms of $q_{inv}$ for charged pions from central collisions of Au+Au at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV compared with predictions from the blast-wave model from Ref.[30] and predictions from filtered HIJING calculations including acceptance and efficiency. For the blast-wave calculations, HBT is not included and the decays of the $K^0_S$ and $\rho^0$ are not shown.

(Color online) The balance function in terms of $q_{inv}$ for charged pions from central collisions of Au+Au at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV compared with predictions from the blast-wave model from Ref.[30] and predictions from filtered HIJING calculations including acceptance and efficiency. For the blast-wave calculations, HBT is not included and the decays of the $K^0_S$ and $\rho^0$ are not shown.

(Color online) The balance function width $<\Delta\eta>$ for all charged particles from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV compared with the widths of balance functions calculated using shuffled events. Also shown are the balance function widths for p+p and d+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV.Filtered HIJING calculations are also shown for the widths of the balance function from p+p and Au+Au collisions. Filtered UrQMD calculations are shown for the widths of the balance function from Au+Au collisions.

(Color online) The balance function width $<\Delta\eta>$ for all charged particles from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV compared with the widths of balance functions calculated using shuffled events. Also shown are the balance function widths for p+p and d+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV.Filtered HIJING calculations are also shown for the widths of the balance function from p+p and Au+Au collisions. Filtered UrQMD calculations are shown for the widths of the balance function from Au+Au collisions.

(Color online) The balance function widths for identified charged pions and charged kaons from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV and p+p collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 200 GeV. Filtered HIJING calculations are shown for the same systems. Filtered UrQMD calculations are shown for Au+Au. Also shown is the width of the balance function for pions predicted by the blast-wave model of Ref.[30].

(Color online) The balance function width $\sigma$ extracted from $B(q_{inv})$ for identified charged pions and kaons from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV and p+p collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 200 GeV using a thermal fit (Eq. 3) where $\sigma$ is the width. Filtered HIJING and UrQMD calculations are shown for pions and kaons from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. Values are shown for $\sqrt{2mT_{kin}}$ from Au+Au collisions, where m is the mass of a pion or a kaon, and $T_{kin}$ is calculated from identified particle spectra [45]. The width predicted by the blast-wave model of Ref. [30] is also shown for pions.

(Color online) The balance function width $\sigma$ extracted from $B(q_{inv})$ for identified charged pions and kaons from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV and p+p collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 200 GeV using a thermal fit (Eq. 3) where $\sigma$ is the width. Filtered HIJING and UrQMD calculations are shown for pions and kaons from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV. Values are shown for $\sqrt{2mT_{kin}}$ from Au+Au collisions, where m is the mass of a pion or a kaon, and $T_{kin}$ is calculated from identified particle spectra [45]. The width predicted by the blast-wave model of Ref. [30] is also shown for pions.

(Color online) The widths for the balance functions for pions in terms of $q_{long}$, $q_{out}$, and $q_{side}$ compared with UrQMD calculations.

(Color online) The weighted average cosine of the relative azimuthal angle,$<\cos(\Delta\phi)$, extracted from $B(\Delta\phi)$ for all charged particles with $0.2< p_t <2.0$ from Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 200 GeV and from all charged particleswith $1.0< p_t <10.0$ GeV/c, compared with predictions using filtered UrQMD calculations.

Direct photon spectra(Nucl. Part. Phys. 23, A1 (1997)) normalized by $(dN_{ch}/d\eta)^{1.25}$ for in p+p at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$= 63 GeV.

Direct photon spectra(Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 51, 836 (1990)) normalized by $(dN_{ch}/d\eta)^{1.25}$ for in p+p at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$= 63 GeV.

Direct photon spectra normalized by $(dN_{ch}/d\eta)^{1.25}$ for in Au+Au at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$= 62.4 GeV.

Direct photon spectra normalized by $(dN_{ch}/d\eta)^{1.25}$ for in Au+Au at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$= 39.0 GeV.

Direct photon spectra(Physical Review C91, 064904 (2015)) normalized by $(dN_{ch}/d\eta)^{1.25}$ for in Au+Au at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$= 200 GeV.

Direct photon spectra(Physical Review Letters 104, 132301 (2010)) normalized by $(dN_{ch}/d\eta)^{1.25}$ for in Au+Au at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$= 200 GeV.

Direct photon spectra(Physical Review Letters 109, 152302 (2012)) normalized by $(dN_{ch}/d\eta)^{1.25}$ for in Au+Au at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$= 200 GeV.

Direct photon spectra(Physical Review C98, 054902 (2018)) normalized by $(dN_{ch}/d\eta)^{1.25}$ for in Cu+Cu at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$= 200 GeV.

Direct photon spectra(Physics Letters B754 235 (2016)) normalized by $(dN_{ch}/d\eta)^{1.25}$ for in Pb+Pb at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$= 2760 GeV.

Number of binary collisions N_{coll} vs. Charged particle multiplicity in Au+Au at various cm energies.

Charged particle multiplicity vs. centrality in Au+Au at various cm energies.

Number of binary collisions N_{coll} vs. centrality in Au+Au at various cm energies.

Integrated direct photon yield vs. Charged particle multiplicity in various systems at various cm energies.

Charged particle multiplicity vs. centrality in various systems at various cm energies.

Integrated direct photon yield vs. centrality in various systems at various cm energies.

Integrated direct photon yield vs. Charged particle multiplicity in various systems at various cm energies.

Charged particle multiplicity vs. centrality in various systems at various cm energies.

Integrated direct photon yield vs. centrality in various systems at various cm energies.

The cross section corrected for branching ratio, i.e for BQ.

The cross section corrected for branching ratio, i.e for BQ.

The cross section corrected for branching ratio, i.e for BQ.

The cross section corrected for branching ratio, i.e for B-HADRON.

The cross section corrected for branching ratio, i.e for B-HADRON.

The cross section corrected for branching ratio, i.e for B-HADRON.

Extrapolation.

Azimuthal correlation distribution between heavy-flavour decay electrons and charged hadrons, scaled by the number of electrons in EMCal triggered events in the electron transverse momentum range 4.5-6 GeV/c.

Relative beauty contribution to the heavy-flavour electron yield obtained with the method based on the track impact parameter.

Relative beauty contribution to the heavy-flavour electron yield obtained with the method based on the track impact parameter.

Relative beauty contribution to the heavy-flavour electron yield obtained from the method based on the azimuthal correlation of heavy-flavour decay electrons and charged tracks.

Relative beauty contribution to the heavy-flavour electron yield obtained from the method based on the azimuthal correlation of heavy-flavour decay electrons and charged tracks.

The $p_{\rm T}$-differential inclusive cross section of electrons (multiplied by $10^3$ for readability) from beauty hadron decays using the electron-hadron azimuthal correlation method.

The pT-differential inclusive cross section of electrons from beauty hadron decays using the electron-hadron azimuthal correlation method.

The $p_{\rm T}$-differential inclusive cross section of electrons (multiplied by $10^3$ for readability) from beauty hadron decays. A 1.9% normalization uncertainty not shown.

The pT-differential inclusive cross section of electrons from beauty hadron decays. A 1.9% normalization uncertainty not shown.

Inclusive bbbar production cross section per rapidity unit measured in mid-rapidity.

Inclusive bbbar production cross section per rapidity unit measured.

Total bbbar production cross section.

Total bbbar production cross section.