Hydrogen and deuterium gases have been bombarded in a gas target at a temperature of 77°K and at a pressure of about 140 atmospheres by the 318±10 Mev "spread-out" bremsstrahlung photon beam of the Berkeley electron synchrotron. The charged π-mesons which were produced were collimated at angles of 45°, 90°, and 135° to the beam direction. The π+ mesons were detected with trans-stilbene scintillation crystals using πμ, πβ, and πμβ delayed coincidences and π+ and π− mesons were detected with Ilford C-2 200-micron nuclear emulsions. The ratios of the numbers of π− to π+ mesons produced in deuterium were 0.96±0.10, 1.09±0.12, and 1.21±0.17 for the angles of 45°, 90°, and 135°, respectively. No variation of the ratio with meson energy, outside statistics, was observed. Absolute values for the π+ meson energy distribution functions from hydrogen and deuterium per "equivalent quantum" have been measured at each of the above production angles. The differential and total cross sections have been obtained by integrating over energy and angle, respectively. The experimental ratios of the deuterium to hydrogen cross sections are in good agreement with the phenomenological theory of Chew and Lewis when the Hulthén deuteron function with β=6α is used in the initial state, plane waves are used for the nucleons in the final state, and the bremsstrahlung cutoff is taken into account. The statistics of the data are, however, not sufficient to determine the amount of spin interaction. The excitation functions for hydrogen and deuterium and points on the angular distribution curves in the center-of-mass system have been obtained. An upper limit of 0.08 of the charged π-meson cross section was obtained for μ-meson production from deuterium.
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This paper reports measurements of the total cross section from 150 to 240 Mev of incident photon energy and measurements of the 135° differential cross section from 180 to 215 Mev. A Monte Carlo evaluation of the γ-ray telescope efficiency by means of an electronic digital computer is outlined. The combined results indicate that a small but finite amount of S-state production occurs and that the angular distribution becomes flatter as the energy decreases. The latter effect is associated with production in unenhanced P-states and with a lack of electric quadrupole production. Good agreement with the Chew-Low theory is demonstrated by a comparison between the photoproduction and scattering of π0-mesons, where the scattering cross sections are derived from those for charged mesons by charge independence.
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Accurate measurements have been made of the π−π+ photoproduction ratio on deuterium, in the gammaray energy range 165-210 MeV, for several angles: 155°, 125°, 90° (center-of-mass system) and along Baldin's kinematical line. These last data are new contributions: π−π+=1.20±0.03 averaged between 165 and 180 MeV. The others are improvements of the accuracy of previous data. The comparison with Ball's theory, corrected for taking into account the I=12 phase shifts, gives for the coupling constant Λ for γ−π−p the value: 0.25<+Λe<0.75.
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The differential cross section for π+ photoproduction has been determined at 19 points, at center-of-mass angles from 30 to 150 deg, and at photon energies from 162 to 225 MeV. The data are concentrated near 180 MeV, where a full angular distribution has been determined. The relative values of the cross sections are accurate to 5% or better, and the absolute normalization is accurate to 4%. The experiment provides data of improved accuracy which are in general consistent with previous results. The extrapolation to threshold gives a value for (k*p*)(dσdΩ)* at threshold of 16.1±0.7 μb/sr, where k*, p*, and (dσdΩ)* are the photon energy, pion momentum, and differential cross section, all in the center-of-mass system.
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Absolute differential cross sections for the photoproduction of pions of 33.8-MeV laboratory kinetic energy from protons were measured at eight angles between 29.5 and 146.1° in the center-of-mass system. The over-all absolute accuracy is 4%, while the relative accuracy within the angular distribution is 3%. Comparison is made to various theoretical calculations, with and without inclusion of the effect of a γ−π−ρ-meson coupling. Existing calculations based on dispersion theory give only fair agreement with the data.
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The scattering of photons by protons has been measured with a spark-chamber technique using 335-MeV bremsstrahlung. The experimental values obtained at 90° and 135° are compared with those calculated by Contogouris using dispersion relations. The agreement is reasonable except for a persistently low point for 310 MeV at 90°.
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Approximately 700 events of the reaction K − d → K − π − pp s produced by 5.5 GeV/ c kaons were used to measure the cross section for Kπ elastic scattering in the T = 3 2 state by a Chew-Low extrapolation. The cross section does not exceed 2.1 mb and has no structure for Kπ masses from threshold up to 2.0 GeV.
Chew-Low extrapolation is used for evaluation of the K- P elastic cross section.
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