Data on multiplicities of charged particles produced in proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon are presented. It is shown that the mean multiplicity of negative particles is proportional to the mean number of nucleons participating in the collision both for nucleus-nucleus and proton-nucleus collisions. The apparent consistency of pion multiplicity data with the assumption of an incoherent superposition of nucleon-nucleon collisions is critically discussed.
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Central collisions of O16 nuclei with the Ag107 and Br80 nuclei in nuclear emulsion at 14.6, 60, and 200 GeV/nucleon are compared with proton-emulsion data at equivalent energies. The multiplicities of produced charged secondaries are consistent with the predictions of superposition models. At 200 GeV/nucleon the central particle pseudorapidity density is 58±2 for those events with multiplicities exceeding 200 particles.
Nucleus is average nucleus of BR-2 emulsion.
Nucleus is average nucleus of BR-2 emulsion.
Nucleus is average AG107/BR80 nucleus of BR-2 emulsion.
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The results of the multiplicity distributions of shower, grey, black, and heavily ionizing charged particles from induced16 reactions at 200A GeV are presented. The results are compared with the predictions of the Lund Monte Carlo code fritiof, the multichain model by Ranft, and the Monte Carlo code venus.
NUCLEUS - AVERAGE NUCLEI OF EMULSION.
NUCLEUS - AVERAGE NUCLEI OF EMULSION.
NUCLEUS - AVERAGE NUCLEI OF EMULSION.
The production of K s 0 , Λ and Λ is measured in π + p interactions at 32 GeV/ c . The total inclusive cross sections are found to be 2.07±0.14, 1.00±0.10 and 0.14±0.04 mb, respectively. The energy dependence of total inclusive cross sections and inclusive distributions is discussed and a comparison is made with p, p , K + and K − induced reactions. We find that the factorization hypothesis is satisfied for the inclusive reactions π + p→ Λ X and K + p→ Λ X. Multi-strange-particle production is similar in π + p and K + p interactions at 32 GeV/ c . There is evidence for beam fragmentation in Λ production. The hierarchy of Λ inclusive cross sections in p , K + , π + and K − induced reactions at 32 GeV/ c is qualitatively explained by a quark recombination model. The cross sections for inclusive K ∗ + (892) and Σ + (1385) production in 32 GeV/ c π + p interactions are 1.07±0.57 mb and 0.19±0.08 mb, respectively.
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The production properties ofKs0,\(\bar \Lambda\) andK+p interactions at 32 GeV/c are investigated using the final statistics of the experiment. We present total and semi-inclusive cross sections and aver-age multiplicities. Estimates are given of the diffractive dissociation contributions to total and differential cross sections. Thex-,pT−, and transverse mass dependence of inclusive and semi-inclusive distributions is discussed as well as properties of “prompt”Ks0's. The ratio of “prompt”K890+ (K8900) to “prompt”K0 cross sections is measured to be 1.03±0.12 (0.98±0.17). From a comparison of\(\bar \Lambda\) production inK±p interactions at 32 GeV/c, we estimate a strange sea-quark suppression of 0.26 ±0.02. The double differential cross sections ofKs0's is studied as a function of Feynman-x andpT2, and a Triple-Regge fit performed. The data are compared in detail to versions of the Lund-model for low-pT hadronic collisions.
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Inclusive production of Δ ++ (1232) with >| t p, Δ ++>|<0.6 (GeV/ c ) 2 is studied in 32 GeV/ c K + p interactions. A systematic comparison with the reaction K + p→pX for >| t p,p>| < 0.6 (GeV/ c ) 2 is made. The production properties of the Δ ++ (1232), of associated π + , π − and K 0 production and of the recoiling system X 0 are investigated in detail. The polarization of the Δ ++ and the energy dependence of the total K + π − cross sections, determined by a Chew-Low extrapolation, are presented and discussed.
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The excitation of theΔ resonance is observed in proton collisions on C, Nb and Pb targets at 0.8 and 1.6 GeV incident energies. The mass E0 and widthΓ of the resonance are determined from the invariant mass spectra of correlated (p, π±)-pairs in the final state of the collision: The mass E0 is smaller than that of the free resonance, however by comparing to intra-nuclear cascade calculations, this reduction is traced back to the effects of Fermi motion, NN scattering and pion reabsorption in nuclear matter.
WITHIN THE DETECTORS ACCEPTANCE RESULTS.
WITHIN THE DETECTORS ACCEPTANCE RESULTS.
WITHIN THE DETECTORS ACCEPTANCE RESULTS.
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Theπ0 andη0 production is studied inπ−p interactions at 360 GeV/c. The cross section forπ0 production in the forward hemisphere (X>0) isσ(π0)=(49.7 ± 1.0 ± 1.1) mb and for η withX>0.1,Nch>2,σ(η0)=(3.1 ± 0.5) mb. The ratio of theπ0 toη0 cross section forX>0.1,Nch>2 isσ(π0)/σ(η0). Results on FeynmanX andpT distributions are presented. The data were obtained using the European Hybrid Spectrometer EHS and the bubble chamber LEBC at CERN.
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Total inclusive cross sections for rho0, ω and f (1270) meson production and the corresponding average multiplicities < n(rho0) > = 0.072+-0.019, < n(ω) > = 0.033+-0.022, < n(f) > = 0 01 +-0.010 have been measured in π-C interactions at 5 GeV/c. It is shown that approximately 8 percent of secondary π- mesons are produced from the meson resonance decay. For the reactions with the production of rho0 mesons the dependence of the inclusive differential cross sections on the rapidity and squared transverse momentum is analysed
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The inclusive π0 and γ production is studied in a\(\bar PP\) experiment at 32.1 GeV/c performed in the Mirabelle bubble chamber with a sensitivity of ∼2.7 events/μb. Total and topological π0 cross sections are presented. The π0 and γ longitudinal and transverse momentum distributions are obtained and compared with\(\bar PP\) data at 22.4 GeV/c andK ± P data at 32.1 GeV/c. The inclusive π0 distributions are also compared to those obtained for charged pions in the same experiment.
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Multiplicities of charged hadrons produced in deep inelastic muon scattering off a $^6$LiD target have been measured as a function of the DIS variables $x_{Bj}$, $Q^2$, $W^2$ and the final state hadron variables $p_T$ and $z$. The $p_T^2$ distributions are fitted with a single exponential function at low values of $p_T^2$ to determine the dependence of $\langle p_T^2 \rangle$ on $x_{Bj}$, $Q^2$, $W^2$ and $z$. The $z$-dependence of $\langle p_T^2 \rangle$ is shown to be a potential tool to extract the average intrinsic transverse momentum squared of partons, $\langle k_{\perp}^2 \rangle$, as a function of $x_{Bj}$ and $Q^2$ in a leading order QCD parton model.
PT dependences of the differential multiplicities for 0.0045 < x_Bjorken < 0.0060 and 1.00 < Q^2 < 1.25 GeV^2 for Positive hadrons.
PT dependences of the differential multiplicities for 0.0060 < x_Bjorken < 0.0080 and 1.00 < Q^2 < 1.30 GeV^2 for Positive hadrons.
PT dependences of the differential multiplicities for 0.0060 < x_Bjorken < 0.0080 and 1.30 < Q^2 < 1.70 GeV^2 for Positive hadrons.
We present final results on the inclusive production of the\(\bar K^{*0} (890)\),K*−(890),K*0(890),K*−(890),K*−(1420), and\(\bar K^{*0} (1420)\) resonances inK−p interactions at 32 GeV/c. Total cross sections and invariantx-distributions are determined. Inclusive cross sections of\(\bar K^{*\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{o} } (890)\) amount to ≃4 mb each, of\(\bar K^{*\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{o} } (1420)\) to ≃1 mb and ofK*0(890) to ≃0.8 mb. These values are in agreement with additive quark model predictions. All strangenessS=−1 resonances are predominantly produced in the forward hemisphere, the tensor mesons being more peripherally produced than the vector ones. The\(\bar K^{*\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{o} } (890)\) density matrix elements andt-distributions are obtained. The unnatural spin-parity exchange contribution to inclusive\(\bar K^{*\underset{\raise0.3em\hbox{$\smash{\scriptscriptstyle-}$}}{o} } (890)\) production amounts to ≳60% at |t|<0.4 GeV2 and decreases with increasing |t|. Whenever relevant, a comparison is also made with available data at other energies.
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FRAGB - BEAM FRAGMENT WITH Z>=2.
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Inelastic interactions of nuclei accelerated to a momentum of 4.5 GeV/$c$ per projectile nucleon with photoemulsion nuclei have been investigated. The main features of these interactions - mean ranges of $^6$Li nuclei, mean multiplicities of secondaries, the isotopic composition of fragments, fragmentation channels, and the mean transverse momenta of projectile fragments - have been measured. The probability of the charge-exchange reaction featuring lithium nuclei has been determined. The results obtained for the $^6$Li nucleus have been compared with data for other nuclei. The observed features of $^6$Li interactions with other nuclei indicate that the $^6$Li structure in the form of the loosely bound system consisting of an $\alpha$-particle and a deuteron cluster clearly manifests itself in these interactions. Events resulting in the coherent dissociation of $^6$Li nuclei into $^4$He+$d$, $^3$He+$t$, and $t+d+p$ and involving low-lying excitations of $^6$Li have been observed.
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The formation and subsequent decay of nuclei excited via the annihilation of 1.22-GeV antiprotons have been investigated at the low energy antiproton ring (LEAR). Both neutrons and charged products, from protons up to fission fragments and heavy residues, were detected over a solid angle of 4π by means of the Berlin neutron ball (BNB) and the Berlin silicon ball (BSiB), respectively. All events associated with an inelasticity greater than 10 MeV were recorded, a condition fulfilled for 100% of the annihilation events. The distributions of excitation energy (E*) of the transient hot nuclei have been investigated for a large range of target nuclei, E* being determined event by event from the total multiplicity of light particles. The average excitation energies are about twice as large as for annihilations at rest, and range from 2.5 MeV/nucleon for the Cu target to 1.5 MeV/nucleon for the U target, in good agreement with the predictions of an intranuclear-cascade model. The distributions extend to E*>8 MeV/nucleon for Cu and E*>5 MeV/nucleon for Au, with cross sections exceeding 1% of σreac. Thanks to the capability of determining E* for all events, largely irrespective of their mass partitions, the probabilities of the different decay channels at play could be estimated as a function of E*. The data show the prevalence of fission and evaporation up to E*=4–5 MeV/nucleon for Au and U. The fission probability Pfis was measured for the first time over the full range of E*. The reproduction of the data by statistical models is reasonable, provided that the ratio af/an is adjusted for the different targets and a transient time shorter than 1×10−21 s is considered. The experiment has allowed the fission probability to be investigated as functions of the associated neutron and light-charged particle multiplicities. The intermediate-mass fragment multiplicities rise smoothly with E* up to about 1 unit at E*=1 GeV for Au and U, with no indication of significant contribution from another process than evaporation. Heavy residues have been measured quite abundantly at the highest E*, with most of their kinetic energy arising from the recoil effects in the evaporation stage. Overall, the data allow a coherent picture to be established, consistent with the hot nucleus retaining conventional decay properties.
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A study of strange particle production in muon neutrino charged current interactions has been performed using the data from the NOMAD experiment. Yields of neutral strange particles K0s, Lambda, AntiLambda have been measured. Mean multiplicities are reported as a function of the event kinematic variables Enu, W2 and Q2 as well as of the variables describing particle behaviour within a hadronic jet: xF, z and pT2. Decays of resonances and heavy hyperons with identified K0s and Lambda in the final state have been analyzed. Clear signals corresponding to K*+-, Sigma*+-, Xi- and Sigma0 have been observed.
Measured yields of the neutral strange particles measured in this analysis.The second line (marked *) is a recalculation taking into account contributions from both primary and secondary V0. The values for K0 are the K0S rates multipl ied by 2.
Measured yields as a function of E, the neutrino energy.
Measured yields as a function of W**2.
Charged particle multiplicities from high multiplicity central interactions of 158 GeV/nucleon Pb ions with Pb target nuclei have been measured in the central and far forward projectile spectator regions using emulsion chambers. Multiplicities are significantly lower than predicted by Monte Carlo simulations. We examine the shape of the pseudorapidity distribution and its dependence on centrality in detail.
Q(NAME=B) parameter is the total sum of the individual charges of the projectile fragments.
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We report the first precision measurements of the scaled momentum, the charge multiplicity, and the thrust of hadronic jets in the Breit frame in Deep Inelastic Scattering ν μ N and ν ̄ μ N charged current events over the Q 2 range from 1 to 100 GeV 2 . The neutrino data, obtained in the NOMAD experiment at the CERN SPS, extend the Q 2 -evolution of these parameters by two orders of magnitude, and with commensurate precision, when compared to those reported by the ep and e + e − experiments.
Average neutrino energy. Peak postion of distribution on log(1/z) is presented.
We report the experimental measurements on the multiplicity of slow target associated particles, in the forward (θlab≤ 90°) and backward (θlab > 90°) hemispheres, and the different correlations betwee
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The problem of the nuclear matter jets in nucleus-nucleus collisions at 4.5 A GeV/c is discussed. The global analysis of experimental data, namely the sphericity tensor, is used to evidence such jets.
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Using data from the Fermilab fixed target experiment E665, general properties of forward produced charged hadrons in μp interactions at a primary muon energy of 470 GeV are investigated. The normalized inclusive singleparticle distributions for Feynman-x D(xF ) and for the transverse momentum D(p2t , xF ) are measured as a function of W and Q2. The dependence of the average transverse momentum squared 〈p2t〉 on xF , W and Q2 is studied. The increasing contribution from diffractive production as Q2 decreases leads to a reduction of the average charged hadron multiplicities at low (positive) xF and an enhancement at large xF , for Q2 ≲ 10 GeV2. It also reduces 〈p2t〉 for Q2 ≲ 5 GeV2 and 0.4 ≲ xF < 1.0.
Normalised inclusive single particle distributions of charged hadrons for all events in W intervals. Additional systematic uncertainty of 4 PCT.
Normalised inclusive single particle distributions of charged hadrons for all events in Q**2 intervals. Additional systematic uncertainty of 4 PCT.
Normalised inclusive single particle distributions of charged hadrons for all events in X (Bjorken) intervals. Additional systematic uncertainty of 4 PCT.
The collisions ofp,2H,4He and C with carbon and tantalum nuclei at 4.2 GeV/c per nucleon as well as the collisionsp-C andp-Ta at 10 GeV/c from 2-m propane bubble chamber have been studied. New results on nuclear stopping have been obtained from the examination of proton rapidity distributions and average rapidity of leading protons for collisions of various degree of centrality: our study points out that a proton projectile is fully stopped in the centralp-Ta collisions at 4.2 GeV/c but only partly stopped at 10 Gev/c. The proton multiplicity in the centralp-Ta collisions at 10 GeV/c can be described by the binomial distribution,P(n), which expresses the probability that the projectile meetsn protons among the nucleons being along the diameter of a target nucleus.
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The fragmentation topology of28Si at 3.7A GeV and 14.6A GeV and32S at 200A GeV in reactions with emulsion nuclei is presented. The fragmentation cross sections are very similar at all three energies. A statistical percolation model can qualitatively describe the data forZ≥ 6. The He production is underestimated and the 3 ≤Z ≤ 5 fragments overestimated by this model.
JINR.
BNL-815.
CERN-EMU-001.
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Data from p+p→p+X at 102, 205, and 405 GeV and from π−+p→p+X at 205 GeV exhibit an approximate scaling property in the charged-prong multiplicity distributions as a function of the missing mass for the range 5<~MX<~13 GeV.
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The Krakow-Louisiana-Minnesota-Moscow Collaboration (KLMM) has exposed a set of emulsion chambers with lead targets to a 158 GeV/c per nucleon beam of Pb208 nuclei, and we report the initial analysis of 40 high-multiplicity Pb-Pb collisions. To test the validity of the superposition model of nucleus-nucleus interactions in this new regime, we compare the shapes of the pseudorapidity distributions with FRITIOF Monte Carlo model calculations, and find close agreement for even the most central events. We characterize head-on collisions as having a mean multiplicity of 1550±120 and a peak pseudorapidity density of 390±30. These estimates are significantly lower than our FRITIOF calculations. © 1996 The American Physical Society.
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In this letter the distribution of slow target associated particles emitted in Au + Emulsion interactions at 11.6 A GeV/ c is studied. The three models RQMD, FRITIOF and VENUS are used for comparisons and especially their treatment of rescattering is investigated.
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PROJECTILE ASSOCIATED HE-FRAGMENTS.
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The degree of excitation of the emulsion target nuclei due to nuclear interactions of oxygen and sulfur projectiles at 200 GeV/nucleon incident energy has been investigated. Using the plausible assumption that the numberNb of slow particles emitted from the struck target nucleus can be interpreted as a measure of the temperatureT of the residual nucleus, we have found that there exists a critical temperatureTc of the excited target nucleus. For Ag and Br target nuclei this temperature corresponds to <Nb>≌12 and it is attained when the impact parameters are less than about 4 fm.
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Experimental data on multiplicities and correlations of charged particles of different types produced in collisions of 4.5 A GeV/c carbon-12 with emulsion are reported and discussed. The data are compared with the results of other experiments on nucleus–nucleus and hadron–nucleus collisions. It is found that the particle production mechanism in nucleus–nucleus collisions is almost the same as in hadron–nucleus collisions. It is also observed that the shower particles' multiplicity distributions obey a KNO type scaling law, which supports the aforementioned result.
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We present the basic characteristics of singly, doubly and heavily charged fragments of the incident nucleus in inelastic interactions of relativistic24Mg nuclei in nuclear emulsion. The relationship between the charge of the incident projectile nuclei and those of the projectile fragments is studied. The result reflects the importance of the charge of the incident projectiles and consequently the electromagnetic interactions in the fragmentation processes.
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The shower particles multiplicity distribution produced in 60A GeV16O-Em collisions is studied in the framework of an extended Glauber model in which terms higher than the first (optical limit) in the phase shift expansion are considered. These are the so-called eclipse correction terms. The calculated distribution shows satisfactory agreement with the present experimental data.
TARGET NUCLEUS IS NUCLEI OF FUJI EMULSION.
The multiplicity distributions and the correlations of different types of slow particles produced in 200A GeV oxygen-induced interactions with emulsion nuclei are presented. The experimental distributions are studied within the framework of the generalized Andersson-Otterlund-Stenlund (AOS) model for nucleus-nucleus interactions. The generalized (AOS) model fails to describe the present experimental data. Also a systematic comparison using the calculations of VENUS model is made. The grey-particles multiplicity is successfully reproduced by the theoretical multistring model VENUS, while the model is inadequate for explaining the distribution of black particles.
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The mean free path for inelastic interactions of 6Li in emulsion is measured and found not to be in systematic agreement with the different known theoretical parameterizations. This may be attributed to the loosely bound structure of 6Li nuclei. Possible internal structures of 6Li nuclei are investigated via the analysis of the shower particles multiplicity distributions for inclusive and central 6Li-Em interactions. In this analysis the experimental P-Em, d-Em and α-Em data are used as inputs for folding the corresponding distributions for 6Li-Em interactions. The results from central collisions favour the (α + d) cluster structure for the incident 6Li nuclei.
INTERACTION WITH EMULSION NUCLEUS WAS MEASURED.
INTERACTION WITH average AgBr NUCLEUS WAS MEASURED.
INTERACTION WITH average AgBr NUCLEUS WAS MEASURED.
Simultaneous measurements of inclusive energy spectra and multiplicities of π±, K±, n, p, d, and t following antiproton annihilation on nuclei over a wide energy range and in the case of neutrons down to the evaporative part of the spectra are reported. Thirteen targets in the mass range of A=12–238 were used in a target mass dependent investigation of the fast stage of the antiproton-nucleus interaction. The deduced transferred, preequilibrium and equilibrium excitation energies agree very well with the dynamical picture drawn by the intranuclear cascade model (INC). Ratios of directly emitted neutrons to protons have been determined to be about twice the N/Z ratio in the target nucleus nearly independently of its mass. These unexpected values for this new sensitive observable are not completely understood in the standard framework of INC. Possible effects of isospin and nucleon densities as well as further schemes beyond the INC are discussed.
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Experimental results on some characteristics of high multiplicity (≧45) proton-AgBr interactions at 800 GeV are presented. The results are compared with those in lower multiplicity regions as well as for CNO target. The various parameters investigated here are pseudorapidity distribution, mean normalised multiplicity, mean number of intranuclear collisions and normalised pseudorapidity.
NUCLEUS IS AgBr (NUMBER(HTRACK) >= 9).
NUCLEUS IS CNO (2 <= NUMBER(HTRACK) <= 5).
The production ofK0, Λ and\(\bar \Lambda \) particles is studied in the E665 muon-nucleon experiment at Fermilab. The average multiplicities and squared transverse momenta are measured as a function ofxF andW2. Most features of the data can be well described by the Lund model. Within this model, the data on the K0/π± ratios and on the averageK0 multiplicity in the forward region favor a strangeness suppression factors/u in the fragmentation process near 0.20. Clear evidence for QCD effects is seen in the average squared transverse momentum ofK0 and Λ particles.
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Emission of intermediate mass fragments (IMFs) (Z>~3) from central collisions of 40Ar+45Sc (E/A=35–115 MeV), 58Ni+58Ni (E/A=35–105 MeV), and 86Kr+93Nb (E/A=35–95 MeV) was studied. For each system, the average number of IMFs per event increased with beam energy, reached a maximum, and then decreased. The beam energy of peak IMF production increased linearly with the combined mass of the system. The number of IMFs emitted at the peak also increased with the system mass. Percolation calculations showed a weaker dependence of the peak beam energy and the number of IMFs on the total mass of the system.
Uncertainty in EKIN is 1 PCT.
The power-law relation between higher order and second order scaled factorial moments has been investigated for secondary particles produced in interactions of 800 GeV protons with emulsion nuclei in one-dimensional (pseudorapidity and azimuthal angle) and two-dimensional (pseudorapidity and azimuthal angle) spaces for three multiplicity intervals. The moment power law is found to be independent of multiplicity cuts and phase space dimension. A universal scaling exponent is determined which indicates that there is no second-order phase transition in the interactions. The ratios of higher-order anomalous fractal dimensions with respect to the second-order anomalous fractal dimension are well represented by the Lévy-stable distribution and give clear evidence of a self-similar cascading mechanism in the interactions.
No description provided.
Experimental data on multiplicities and angular distributions of heavy ionizing and shower particles in inelastic interactions of 350 GeV Σ− hyperons in nuclear emulsion are presented. The data are compared with the results of other experiments on proton and pion interactions in emulsion at energies of 60-800 GeV. We observe no significant differences in the global characteristics of strange hyperon interactions relative to nonstrange baryon interactions at equivalent energies, other than those attributable to the differing cross sections.
No description provided.
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Scaled factorial moments, corrected for the shape of the single-particle pseudorapidity distribution, are analyzed in pseudorapidity and in two-dimensional (pseudorapidity and azimuth angle) space. An intermittent, power-law growth of the moments with decreasing bin size is found, with two-dimensional analysis revealing a much stronger effect than for one-dimensional for nucleus-nucleus data. The intermittent patterns are more evident for proton-nucleus than for nucleus-nucleus collisions, with the heaviest nucleus, S32, showing the weakest effect.
SEMICENTRAL EVENTS.
Forum