Electron-proton elastic scattering cross sections have been measured to determine the proton electromagnetic form factors at squared four-momentum transfers q 2 between 10 and 50 fm −2 . At these values of q 2 we measured angular distributions between 25° and 110° and in addition at 25° and 35° cross sections for q 2 from 2 to 20 fm −2 using the external electron beam of the Bonn 2.5 GeV electron synchrotron. Our results confirm deviations from the scaling law.
Axis error includes +- 2/2 contribution (NORMALIZATION ERROR).
Axis error includes +- 2/2 contribution (NORMALIZATION ERROR).
Axis error includes +- 2/2 contribution (NORMALIZATION ERROR).
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Electron-proton elastic scattering cross sections have been measured at squared four-momentum transfers q 2 of 0.67, 1.00, 1.17, 1.50, 1.75, 2.33 and 3.00 (GeV/ c ) 2 and Electron scattering angles θ e between 10° and 20° and at about 86° in the laboratory. The proton electromagnetic form factors G E p and G M p were determined. The results indicate that G E p ( q 2 ) decreases faster with increasing q 2 than G M p ( q 2 ). Quasi-elastic electron-deuteron cross sections have been determined at values of q 2 = 0.39, 0.565, 0.78, 1.0 and 1.5 (GeV/ c ) 2 and scattering angles between 10° and 12°. At q 2 = 0.565 (GeV/ c 2 data have also been taken with θ e = 35° and at q 2 = 1.0 and 1.5 (GeV/ c ) 2 with θ e = 86°. Electron-proton as well as electron-neutron scattering cross sections have been deduced by the ratio method. The theoretical uncertainties of this procedure are shown to be small by comparison of the bound with the free proton cross sections. The magnetic form factor of the neutron G M n derived from the data is consistent with the scaling law. The charge form factor of the neutron is found to be small.
Axis error includes +- 2.1/2.1 contribution (NORMALISATION ERROR).
Axis error includes +- 2.1/2.1 contribution (NORMALISATION ERROR).
Axis error includes +- 2.1/2.1 contribution (NORMALISATION ERROR).
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Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (?////ERRORS IN ELECTRON DETECTION EFFICIENCY).
Measurements of the deuteron elastic magnetic structure function B(Q2) are reported at squared four-momentum transfer values 1.20≤Q2≤2.77 (GeV/c)2. Also reported are values for the proton magnetic form factor GMp(Q2) at 11 Q2 values between 0.49 and 1.75 (GeV/c)2. The data were obtained using an electron beam of 0.5 to 1.3 GeV. Electrons backscattered near 180° were detected in coincidence with deuterons or protons recoiling near 0° in a large solid-angle double-arm spectrometer system. The data for B(Q2) are found to decrease rapidly from Q2=1.2 to 2 (GeV/c)2, and then rise to a secondary maximum around Q2=2.5 (GeV/c)2. Reasonable agreement is found with several different models, including those in the relativistic impulse approximation, nonrelativistic calculations that include meson-exchange currents, isobar configurations, and six-quark configurations, and one calculation based on the Skyrme model. All calculations are very sensitive to the choice of deuteron wave function and nucleon form factor parametrization. The data for GMp(Q2) are in good agreement with the empirical dipole fit.
The measured cross section have been devided by those obtained using the dipole form for the proton form factors: G_E=1/(1+Q2/0.71)**2, G_E(Q2)=G_M(Q2)/mu,where Q2 in GeV2, mu=2.79.
Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (?////Errors given are the statistical errors and systematic uncertainties add ed in quadreture).
Absolute differential cross sections for elastic electron-proton scattering have been measured in a four-momentum transfer range up to 1.4 fm −2 . Using a high pressure gas target system, we have obtained highly accurate data with a small normalization error of 0.5%. The electromagnetic form factors G E and G M have been extracted and the rms charge radius has been determined to be 〈r 2 E 〉 p 1 2 = 0.862±0.012 fm . The shape of the isovector spectral function near threshold shows a significant non-resonant contribution of the two-pion state. This enhancement is so strong that the derivative at q 2 = 0 differs considerably from the usual vector meson dominance model value. This result is in good agreement with theoretical predictions.
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At a square of the momentum transfer of 1.0 (GeV/c)2 the elastic scattering of electrons on deuterons has been measured at electron scattering angles of 8°, 60°, and 82°. From these data we have extracted a value of B(q2)=(0.59±1.20)×10−5 for the deuteron. This measurements extends the range in momentum transfer by almost a factor of 2 over the previous measurements.
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Differential cross sections for the reactions e−+p→e−+p+π0 and e−+p→e−+n+π+ have been measured near the Δ(1236) resonance at four-momentum transfers of 0.05, 0.13, 0.25, and 0.4 (GeV/c)2. A few measurements of the π+ angular distribution have been obtained at a four-momentum transfer of 0.6 (GeV/c)2. Cross sections for the π0 reaction are compared with dispersion-theory predictions at several pion-nucleon c.m. energies for each four-momentum transfer. A phenomenological analysis of the π0 results leads to the determination of the magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole partial-wave amplitudes and the γNΔ transition form factor. Evidence is found for the existence of a significant scaler-transverse interference term in the cross section, which is tentatively associated with the resonant scaler quadrupole interaction. Cross sections for π+ electroproduction are compared with dispersion theories using the pion form factor as a free parameter. The results suggest a form factor similar to that of the proton. A fit to the form-factor results, using the ρ-dominance model, requires mρ=560±80 MeV. The rms pion charge radius is estimated to be 〈r2〉12=0.86±0.14 F.
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We have measured the electron-proton scattering cross section at 248.9 Mev, 104.81°; 209.6 Mev, 149.75°; and 139.3 Mev, 104.19°. We find the following values: F1=0.767±0.025, F2=0.707±0.028, and F1F2=1.085±0.025 at −q2=2.98 f−2. F=0.902±0.011 at −q2=1.05 f−2. The last result agrees with previous measurements. The others are new contributions.
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A determination of the electric and magnetic form factors of the proton has been made by studying the elastic scattering of electrons from a polyethylene target by observation of the recoiling proton at 0° and 30° for values of q2 between 1 and 1.8 F−2. From these measurements we have deduced the charge radius Rc and the magnetic radius Rm of the proton and find equality within the experimental errors (Rc=0.800±0.025 F; Rm=0.810±0.029 F).
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This paper presents the results of the analysis of a single-arm inelastic-electron-scattering experiment at an angle of 4°. We present data on the turnon of scaling in the low-q2 region 0.1<q2<1.8, the neutron-proton comparison at large values of the scaling variable ω, resonance excitation, and the shadowing in scattering from heavy nuclei.
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We measured the elastic and inelastic scattering of electrons on deuterium at 180° for four incident energies (70, 140, 210 and 280 MeV). The data were analysed with a technique allowing an accurate comparison between experiment and theory. We observed a good agreement for the inelastic data with the expected cross section, using the presently available models and nucleon form factors. The experimental elastic cross section is systematically larger than the predicted cross sections.
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Electron-proton elastic scattering cross sections were measured at low four-momentum transfers squared ( q 2 from 0.13 to 2.15 fm −2 ) at six different energies between 150 and 275 MeV. The electric ( G E ) and magnetic ( G M ) form factors of the proton have been determined by Rosenbluth plots and independently by using analytical functions for the form factors to fit the cross sections. The electric form factor is found to deviate significantly from the dipole fit. From the slope of the form factor functions at q 2 = 0 the rms radii of the charge and the magnetic moment distribution were determined. The charge rms radius is found to be more than 10% larger than the value given by the dipole fit.
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The 300 MeV electron linear accelerator of Mainz has been used to measure the angular dependence of the electron-proton elastic scattering cross sections at seven different energies for squared four-momentum transfers between 0.13 and 4.7 fm −2 . The proton form factors have been extracted from the cross sections by means of Rosenbluth plots and by fitting parametrized analytical functions directly to the cross sections. The best fit is compared to the data of other laboratories. The previously reported deviations from the dipole fit have been confirmed. From the form factors at q 2 <0.9 fm 2 the proton r.m.s. radius has been determined. A determination of the spectral function of the nucleon isovector form factor G E V in the time-like is obtained using a realistic ϱ resonance.
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We have performed absolute measurements of the differential cross section for elastic e−p scattering in the range of momentum transfer from Q2=2.9 to 31.3 (GeV/c)2. Combined statistical and systematic uncertainties in the cross-section measurements ranged from 3% at low Q2 to 19% at high Q2. These data have been used to extract the proton magnetic form factor GMp(Q2). The results show a smooth decrease of Q4GMp with momentum transfer above Q2=10 (GeV/c)2. These results are compared with recent predictions of perturbative QCD.
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Electron-proton elastic scattering cross sections have been measured at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center at four-momentum transfers squared (q 2 ) of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5and 3.75 (GeV/ c ) 2 . The angular distributions at q 2 = 2.5 and 3.75 (GeV/ c ) 2 are sufficient to provide values of the ratio G E / G M independent of the results from other laboratories. Our results are compatible with scaling, G E (q 2 ) = G M (q 2 )/ μ , within the experimental errors.
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We have measured elastic electron-proton scattering cross sections in the range of four-momentum transfers from 7 F−2[0.27 (GeV/c)2] to 150 F−2 [5.84 (GeV/c)2] and at scattered electron angles of between 20° and 34° in the laboratory. The estimated errors in the cross sections range from ±2.1% at the lowest momentum transfer to ±9.6% at the highest. Both the scattered electron and the recoil proton were detected, resulting in an overdetermination of the kinematics. When the constraint of a coincident proton is removed, there is no significant change in the estimated cross sections.
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Elastic electron-proton scattering cross sections were measured at backward angles (80°-90°) in the laboratory for four-momentum transfers between 7 F−2 and 45 F−2. Experimental errors range from 3.1% to 5.3%, including a systematic error estimated to be 1.9% added in quadrature. Electric and magnetic form factors are computed from all the recent data in this q2 range, with allowance made for possible normalization differences. The results show a deviation from the scaling law.
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Electron-proton elastic-scattering cross sections have been measured at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center for four-momentum transfers squared q 2 from 1.0 to 25.0 (GeVc)2. The electric (GEp) and magnetic (GMp) form factors of the proton were not separated, since angular distributions were not measured at each q 2. However, values for GMp were derived assuming various relations between GEp and GMp. Several theoretical models for the behavior of the proton magnetic form factor at high values of q 2 are compared with the data.
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