Antineutrino interactions in BEBC are compared to look for differences between the differential cross sections per nucleon in neon and in deuterium. The identical geometries, beam spectra and muon identification criteria and acceptances allow comparison with very small systematic errors. The results are compared in detail with μ and e scattering data from EMC and SLAC. We find no rise in the ratio d σ/ d x ( ν Ne )/σ/ d x ( ν D 2 ) at low x , independent of Q 2 up to Q 2 ∼ 14 GeV 2 .

A strong negative transverse polarization P z is found for forward produced lambdas observed in 10 and 16 GeV/ c K − p interactions. This indicates that exchanges of natural spin-parity are dominant in the production process. Using the polarization results, the d σ d u′ distributions for natural and unnatural spin-parity exchanges are derived. For unnatural exchanges, a dip is observed at u ′≅0.3 GeV 2 , which can be explained as a nonsense-wrong-signature zero of the N β trajectory. The value of P z for forward producted lambdas is constant with energy. This is in agreement with the triple-Regge model prediction, as is the fact that P z is constant as a function of M 2 s . The two non-transverse polarization components, P x and P y , have been measured and are found to be consistent with zero for all x values, unlike P z .

We present results for the differential cross sections of neutrinos and antineutrinos on nucleons in the energy range E = 2−200 GeV, from the BEBC and Gargamelle experiments. The structure functions F 2 , 2 χF 1 and χF 3 have been evaluated as a function of χ and q 2 . Deviations are observed from Bjorken scaling, which are very similar to those found in electron and muon inelastic scattering. For the Callan-Gross ratio, we find 2χF 1 F 2 = 0.80 ± 0.12 and the corresponding value for 〈R〉 = 〈 σ S σ T 〉 = 0.15 ± 0.10 . Our results are consistent with the Gross-Llewellyn-Smith sum rule; we measure ⩾2.5 ± 0.5 valence quarks per nucleon. Quark and antiquark distributions are given. The Nachtmann moments of F 2 and χF 3 are quantitatively consistent with the predictions from QCD. The value of the strong interaction parameter is λ = 0.74 ± 0.05 GeV without corrections, and 0.66 ± 0.05 GeV including α S 2 corrections. The moments of the gluon distribution are found to be positive and indicate an χ distribution of gluons which is comparable with that of the valence quarks.

The inclusive production of K̄ ∗ (890) and K̄ ∗ (1420) is studied in K̄ − p interactions at 10 and 16 GeV/ c . At 10 GeV/ c an enhancement in the ( K ̄ 0 π − ) mass distribution is found at 1.74 GeV, but no clear signal is seen at 16 GeV/ c . The fraction of K 0 ' s coming from decay of the K ∗ (890) or K ∗ (1420) is large, being (50 ± 6)% and (45 ± 5)% at 10 and 16 GeV/ c , respectively. The inclusive cross sections for K ∗− (890) and K ∗0 (890) production are almost constant with energy from 8 to 32 GeV/ c with values of 3.5 and 3.3 mb, respectively. The K ∗ (890) production cross section is studied as a function of transverse and longitudinal variables and found to derive mainly from fragmentation of the incident K − meson. The spectra of K 0 ' s resulting from the decay of K ∗ (890) are studied.

Results on inclusive production of γ,K n , Λ 0 and Λ 0 in K − p interactions at 110 GeV/ c are presented. Total cross sections, and differential cross sections in terms of Feynman x , rapidity and p T 2 are given. It is found that about 40% of K n 's are produced together with a strange particle pair, and that 80% of Λ 0 's are produced together with a K K pair. These Λ 0, 's are produced predominantly in the backward direction. Fits to the form (1−| x |) n to the x F distributions of K n and Λ 0 in the fragmentation regions are found to be in general agreement with quark counting rule predictions.

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The average transverse momentum squared, 〈 p ⊥ 2 〉, of hadrons is studied as a function of W 2 and of Q 2 for ν and ν interactions on an isoscalar target. An increase of 〈 p ⊥ 2 〉 with W 2 is observed for the hadrons emitted forward in the hadronic c.m.s. The p ⊥ dependence of the fragmentation function is found to factorise from the structure function at fixed W , but does not factorise at fixed Q 2 . Unlike the case of forward-going particles, the 〈 p ⊥ 2 〉 of hadrons going backward in the c.m.s. shows no strong dependence on W 2 .

BEBC filled in turn with hydrogen, and with a neon-hydrogen mixture, was exposed to the CERN SPS wide band neutrino and antineutrino beams. The ratios of the charged-current cross sections per nucleon, σ(νH 2 ) σ(ν Ne ) and σ( ν H 2 ) σ( ν Ne ) , between 20 and 300 GeV were found to be 0.656 ± 0.020 and 1.425 ± 0.052, respectively. Multiplying these ratios by the revised cross sections in neon, σ(ν Ne ) E = (0.723 ± 0.038) × 10 −38 cm 2 / GeV per nucleon and σ( ν Ne ) E = (0.351 ± 0.019) × 10 −38 cm 2 / GeV per nucleon, and their ratio, σ( ν Ne ) σ(ν Ne ) = 0.485 ± 0.020 ,, yields values for the total charged-current cross sections on protons, σ(νp)/ E and σ( ν p ) E , of (0.474 ± 0.029) × 10 −38 cm 2 /GeV and (0.500 ± 0.032) × 10 −38 cm 2 /GeV. respectively, and a value for the ratio σ( ν p ) σ(ν p ) of 1.053 ± 0.066.

An enhancement in the (K − π + ) mass distribution at 1871 ± 10 MeV with full width of 285 ± 40 MeV is observed in the charge-exchange reaction K − p → K − π + n at 10 and 16 GeV/ c . The energy dependence of its cross section, the shape of the differential cross section d σ /d t and the decay angular distributions are consistent with a production mechanism by pion exchange. No significant enhancement at the same mass is seen in the non-charge exchange reaction K − p → (K π ) − p. The experimental evidence is reviewed and it is suggested that there may be more than one K ∗ enhancement in the 1700–1900 mass region.

A partial-wave analysis has been performed of the diffractively produced low-mass ( K ̄ 0 π − π 0 ) system in the reaction K − p → ( K ̄ 0 π − π 0 ) p at 10 and 16 GeV/ c . Thus information complementary to that derived from the K − p → (K − π + π − )p) channel is obtained. The presence of the K ϱ decay mode, besides the dominant K ∗ (890)π mode, for the state J P = 1 + , is confirmed. It is also confirmed that for this 1 + state the assumption of factorization of the amplitude into “production” and “decay” does not hold: the two decay modes K ∗ π and K ϱ have different polarisation properties (helicity is approximately conserved in the t -channel for the first, in the s -channel for the second). The assumption that the ( K ̄ 0 π − π 0 ) system has isospin I = 1 2 has been tested and found to hold. From the cross sections for the various J P states, assuming I = 1 2 , the cross sections for the (K − π + π − ) system are predicted and compared with the experimental ones. In general, agreement is found.

A partial-wave analysis has been performed on the (K − π − π + ) system produced in the reaction K − p → K − π − π + p at 10 and 16 GeV/ c . In the Q mass region it is found that the two dominant states, K ∗ π and Kπ, both in 1 + S wave, are produced with different polarisations, helicity being approximately conserved in the t -channel for K ∗ π and in the s -channel for Kπ. This is in contradiction with the assumption that the amplitude can be factorised into “production” and “decay” parts, and hence that the two amplitudes are fully coherent. The phase variation of the two states do not indicate simple resonance behaviour. It is concluded that the Q-mass enhancement is composite.

The production of φ mesions is studied in the reaction π+p→π+p K+K− and π+→π+p K0K¯0 at 3.75 GeV/c. A large isotropic component is seen in the production angular distribution for the reaction π+p→π+pφ. The cross sections for the φπ+p and φΔ++ final states are compared with the cross sections for ωπ+p and ωΔ++ at the same momentum.

The joint decay density-matrix elements have been measured for the ρ0Δ++ and ωΔ++ channels at 3.7 GeV/c. The data are presented as a function of momentum transfer in both the t-channel and s-channel coordinate systems. The presence of correlated decays is illustrated for both reactions by employing selective cuts on the decay angles of one resonance, and displaying the effects on the decay distribution of the opposing resonance. An amplitude analysis is performed with the data near 0° production angle, where we obtain a helicity decomposition of the scattering amplitude with no experimental ambiguity.

The joint decay distribution statistical tensors for the reaction π + p→ ϱ 0 Δ ++ have been measured as a function of t at 3.75 GeV/ c . From this data the amplitude components of the reaction were extracted using both t -independent and t -independent methods. The magnitudes of the amplitudes obtained from both methods are found to agree and appear to be insensitive to the fitting methods. The phases are not well determined in the t -independent method. A comparison is made with a similar analysis done at 7.1 GeV/c.

A partial-wave analysis of the diffractively produced p π + π − system has been performed for the reaction K − p→K − (p π + π − ) at 10, 14.3 and 16 GeV/ c using the isobar model. For p π + π − masses below 1.6 GeV, the system can be described by the states with spin-parity 1 2 + and 3 2 − . The dominant state is the 3 2 − S-wave Δπ . No evidence for resonance production can be found here. For higher masses, the states 5 2 + and 5 2 − are present in addition. The 5 2 − constitutes a violation of the Gribov-Morrison rule and its mass shape is consistent with being the D 15 N ∗ (1670) resonance. The peak in the p π + π − mass spectrum at 1.7 GeV cannot be explained by one single spin-parity state. A comparison of the diffractive reaction pomeron + p → p ππ with the formation experiment π p → N ππ is made.

Cross-section values or upper limits are presented for twenty-five two-body hypercharge-exchange reactions in K − p and π + p interactions at 10 and 16 GeV/ c . The 16 GeV/ c results are compared with some predictions of line-reversal plus exchange-degenerate Regge poles, of SU(3) and of the additive quark model. Agreement is found in all cases.

A study is presented of the reactions K + p→(K + ω )p at 8.25 and 16 GeV/ c and K − p→(K − ω )p at 10 and 16 GeV/ c and comparison is made with K + results at 10 GeV/ c and K − at 7.3 GeV/ c . The (K + ω) and (K − ω) mass spectra both present a strong enhancement very near threshold, while a second peak at ∼1.7 GeV is evident only with incident K − at the lower energies. The threshold peak has very weak energy dependence and is mostly due to the 1 + S state which is produced conserving s -channel helicity. It is suggested that this is another decay mode of the resonance Q 1 (1290) known to decay mainly into Kϱ. The ratio of the Q 1 coupling constants to the Kω and Kϱ decay channels, R ω = g K ω 2 / g K ϱ 2 is determined to be 0.21±0.04. The enhancement at 1.7 GeV is predominantly, but not exclusively, due to the 2 − state. While the K + and K − induced reactions give basically similar results, small differences are observed that can be qualitatively explained in the framework of the Deck model.

We present an analysis of the K ππ system produced in 10 GeV/ c K + p interactions. We show that the low-mass enchancement between 1.2 and 1.4 GeV/ c 2 on the K ππ mass spectrum is predominantly 1 + throughout, give the relative amplitudes for the decay of this system into K ∗ (890) π and K ρ , and offer new evidence for the presence of two 1 + resonances in this mass region.

We present the results of a study of 1173 uniquely identified events of the K 0 π + p final state produced in 10 GeV/ c K + p interactions. This final state is dominated by the quasi two-body processes K + p → K 0 N ∗+ (890 p and K + p → K ∗+ (1420) p . The background is very low and there is little overlapping of resonance bands. We present cross sections, t -distributions and decay angular distributions for the contributing reaction channels. Dips are observed near t = 0 in the differential cross sections for all three processes.

A study of the A2+ mass spectrum in π+p interactions at 3.7 GeVc is presented. For a cut of t′=0.1−2.0 GeV2 and on eliminating the Δ++ we find that the three-pion mass spectrum in the A2+ region is fitted by the dipole formula with a confidence level of 53% and a single Breit-Wigner formula with a confidence level of 11%. Our result thus favors A2+ splitting although a single Breit-Wigner fit cannot be ruled out. We also report the A2+ decay branching fractions measured over all t′ values. They are 0.78 ± 0.05, 0.15 ± 0.04, 0.06 ± 0.03, and < 0.02 for ρπ, ηπ, KK¯, and η′π, respectively, in good agreement with other experiments.

The differential cross section d σ d t′ for the charge-exchange process π + p → π 0 ( π + p) at 8, 16 and 23 GeV/ c is presented for several regions of the π + p effective mass. It is found that the dip at t ′ ≈ 0.6 (GeV/ c ) 2 which is observed in the Δ(1236) mass band becomes a less pronounced structure in the higher mass regions. However, while the slope of the d σ d t′ distributions in the near-forward direction decreases strongly with increasing π + p mass, there is no evidence that the observed structure moves to higher values of t ′ as the π + p mass increases. These results are consistent with a Regge-exchange picture where the position of the dip is determined by the exchanged trajectory, but are inconsistent with a simple geometrical picture.

The charged multiplicity distribution is presented for K − p interactions produced in the hydrogen bubble chamber, BEBC, using an r.f. separated, tagged K − beam of 110 GeV/ c momentum. A comparison with K + p, πp and pp data at lower energies shows that the main features of the multiplicity distributions depend on energy and charge of the incident particles, but not on their strangeness. At high energies, only the energy is important.

The inclusive production of Ξ − and Ξ ∗0 (1530) is investigated in K − p interactions at 10 and 16 GeV/ c . The inclusive production cross sections are 172 ± 20 μ b and 135 ± 15 μ b for the Ξ − , and 43 ± 7 μ b and 32 ± 5 μ b for the Ξ ∗0 (1530) at 10 and 16 GeV /c , respectively. In the beam momentum range up to 16 GeV/ c , the energy dependence of the cross section for Ξ − production in K − p interactions is similar to Σ − production in π − p interactions. It is, instead, different from the energy behaviour of Σ − production cross sections observed in π − p interactions. The Ξ − and Ξ ∗0 (1530) are both produced more in the forward ( x > 0) than in the backward hemisphere, indicating the presence of hyperon-exchange processes.

Multiplicity distributions and correlations between charged particles in the forward and back-ward c.m. hemispheres are studied inK−p interactions at 110 GeV/c and compared with other data on mesonnucleon scattering. The interpretation in terms of a simple quark-parton picture assuming that the forward multiplicity is dominated by quark fragmentation and the backward multiplicity by diquark fragmentation is supported by the experimental fact that the forward and the backward mean multiplicities are approximately equal to half of thee+e− andpp multiplicities, respectively. The 110 GeV/cK−p data show significant correlations between the numbers of slow forward and slow backward particles, whereas the multiplicities of fast forward and fast backward particles are independent.

Total and differential cross sections ofK*−(890),K*−(890),\(\bar K^{ * 0} \)(890),K*0(890),\(\bar K^{ * 0} \)(1430) andϱ0(770) produced inK−p interactions at 110 GeV/c are presented. The cross sections of the neutral resonances show a smooth increase with energy from 10 to 110 GeV/c incident momentum. For theK*+(890) and theK*0(890), i.e. the resonances with strangenessS=+1, this rise is quite significant: their cross sections practically double between 32 GeV/c and 110 GeV/c incidentK− momentum. About 50% of the neutral kaons and 30% of charged pions produced inK−p interactions at our energy are found to be decay products of the resonances considered.

The inclusive production of Σ + (1385) and Σ − (1385) has been studied in K − p interactions at 10 and 10 and 16 GeV/ c . It is found that the cross sections for the reactions K − p → Σ ± (1385) + anything are approximately constant in the energy range form 10 to 32 GeV/ c , being ≈ 350 μ b for Σ + (1385) and ≈ 250 μ b for Σ − (1385). The d σ d p ⊥ 2 distributions for Σ ± (1385) fall off exponentially with increasing p ⊥ 2 , with sloped of about 3 (GeV/ c ) −2 . The d σ /d x distributions for Σ + (1385) and Σ − (1385) are markedly different: the production of Σ − (1385) is symmetrical forwards and backwards in the c.m.s.; for Σ + (1385), the distribution is the same as for Σ − (1385) in the forward direction, but presents a large excess of events in the backward direction. This indicates that for the production of both Σ + (1385) and Σ − (1385) the fragmentation of the incoming kaon is negligible. The fragmentation of the target proton is negligible for Σ − (1385), but it is important for Σ + (1385) and is responsible for the excess (∼100 μ b) of its cross section over that for Σ − (1385).

Results are presented on inclusive production of ∑+(1385) and ∑−(1385) inK−p interactions at 110 GeV/c. The inclusive and topological cross sections have been estimated and compared with published results at lower energies. The inclusive cross section of ∑+(1385) seems to decrease with c.m. energy, while that of the ∑−(1385) is nearly constant. The mean charged multiplicity associate to Σ(1385) increases with c.m. energy. The ∑+(1385) is produced both in the target fragmentation region and in the central region where ∑−(1385) is predominantly produced in the central region. Approximately 16% of the Λ's stem from the decay of ∑±(1385) and the kinematic distributions of these Λ's are not very different from the inclusive Λ's.

Results on inclusive ϕ production inK−p interactions at 110 GeV/c are presented. The production cross section is found to be larger than in πp andpp interactions at similar energies, suggesting OZI allowed\(s\bar s\) fusion to be the dominant mechanism in ϕ production. Thex distributions of ϕ and\(\bar K^{*0} \) are found to be similar to each other over the entirex range suggesting an overall strangeness suppression factor of 0.20±0.04 in the sea to be the dominant source of the difference in the cross section for ϕ and\(\bar K^{*0} \). There is no evidence of a narrowφπ− state around 2.1 GeV/c2 as suggested byK+ experiments, but there is some excess of events in the region 1.94−1.98 GeV/c2 consistent with theF-meson mass as observed ine+e− experiments.

Exposures of the Ne/H 2 filled Big European Bubble Chamber (BEBC) to a dichromatic neutrino (antineutrino) beam produced by 400 GeV protons of the CERN SPS yielded ∼ 3100 events with a negative, and ∼ 1100 with a positive, muon. The neutrino flux is determined from the muon flux in the shielding. Assuming a linear energy dependence of the cross section, the values σ E between 20 and 200 GeV are found to be 0.657 ± 0.012 (stat.) ± 0.027 (syst.) and 0.309 ± 0.009 (stat.) ± 0.013 (syst.) cm 2 (GeV nucleon) −1 , for neutrinos and antineutrinos, respectively. The scaling variable q 2 E decreases significantly with increasing energy both for neutrinos and antineutrinos.

The ratios of neutral current to charged current cross sections of neutrino and antineutrino interactions in heavy Ne/H 2 mixture have been measured in BEBC. The beam was the CERN SPS 200 GeV/ c narrow band beam. The ratios were obtained using a cut in the transverse momentum of the hadronic system. In the standard Glashow-Salam-Weinberg model, our results correspond to the value of sin 2 θ w = 0.182 ± 0.020 ± 0.012. By combining this experiment with data from a hydrogen target the coupling constants u L 2 and L 2 are found to be 0.15 ± 0.04 and 0.19 ± 0.05, respectively.

The longitudinal momentum spectra of mesons produced in the projectile fragmentation region ofK−p interactions at 110 GeV/c, measured in a bubble chamber experiment, are compared to two fragmentation models related to hadron production by incident leptons. The models give a qualitative description of the data. However, it is found that the mesons having a valence quark in common with the projectile tend to have higher momenta than predicted.

The charged-current cross sections for neutrinos and antineutrinos on nucleons in the energy range 20–200 GeV are given. Taken in conjunction with the previous Gargamelle results, they show that σ E is almost constant with energy for antineutrinos, and falls with energy for neutrinos. The value of 〈q 2 〉 E decreases with energy for both neutrinos and antineutrinos, and these deviations from exact Bjorken scaling are consistent with those observed in electron and muon inelastic scattering. We find no evidence for new heavy quark states with right-handed coupling.

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