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The analyzing power AN of proton-proton elastic scattering in the Coulomb-nuclear interference region has been measured using the 200-GeV/c Fermilab polarized proton beam. A theoretically predicted interference between the hadronic non-spin-flip amplitude and the electromagnetic spin-flip amplitude is shown for the first time to be present at high energies in the region of 1.5 × 10−3 to 5.0 × 10−2 (GeV/c)2 four-momentum transfer squared, and our results are analyzed in connection with theoretical calculations. In addition, the role of possible contributions of the hadronic spin-flip amplitude is discussed.
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Analyzing powers for πp elastic scattering were measured using the CHAOS spectrometer at energies spanning the Δ(1232) resonance. This work presents π+ data at the pion kinetic energies 117, 130, 139, 155, 169, 180, 193, 218, 241, and 267 MeV and π− data at 87, 117, 193, and 241 MeV, covering an angular range of 50°<~θc.m.<~180° at the higher energies and 90°<~θc.m.<~180° at the lower energies. Unique features of the spectrometer acceptance were employed to reduce systematic errors. Single-energy phase shift analyses indicate the resulting S11 and S31 phases favor the results of the SM95 phase shift analysis over that of the older KH80 analysis.
Measurement of the PI+ analysing power at 117 MeV.. The data were collected in the conventional mode and may be independently floated within the systematic error.
Measurement of the PI+ analysing power at 139 MeV.. The data were collected in the conventional mode and may be independently floated within the systematic error.
Measurement of the PI- analysing power at 87 MeV.. The data were collected in the conventional mode and may be independently floated within the systematic error.
Angular distributions of the analyzing powers for π+p→ and π−p→ elastic scattering have been measured in a single-scattering experiment employing a polarized proton target. Measurements were obtained for pion energies of 98, 139, 166, 215, and 263 MeV. The addition of these data to the existing πp database significantly reduces the uncertainties in all S and P phase shifts for πp reactions over the delta resonance.
Measured values of the analyzing power for PI+ P elastic scattering at incident kinetic energy 98 MeV.
Measured values of the analyzing power for PI+ P elastic scattering at incident kinetic energy 139 MeV.
Measured values of the analyzing power for PI+ P elastic scattering at incident kinetic energy 166 MeV.
The polarization parameter in proton-proton scattering has been measured at incident proton kinetic energies of 1.7, 2.85, 3.5, 4.0, 5.05, and 6.15 BeV and for four-momentum transfer squared between 0.1 and 1.0 (BeV/c)2. The experiment was done with an unpolarized proton beam from the Bevatron striking a polarized proton target. Both final-state protons were detected in coincidence and the asymmetry in counting rate for target protons polarized parallel and antiparallel to the scattering normal was measured. The maximum polarization was observed to decrease from 0.4 at 1.7 BeV to 0.2 at 6.1 BeV. The maximum of the polarization at all energies studied occurs at a four-momentum transfer squared of 0.3 to 0.4 (BeV/c)2.
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A measurement of the polarization parameter P 0 in pp elastic scattering has been made at 24 GeV/ c over the range | t | = 0.1 to 0.9 (GeV/ c ) 2 , positive, falling to zero around | t | = 0.8 (GeV/ c ) 2 . For the range 0.1 ⪕ |t| ⪕ 0.4 GeV /c) 2 , P 0 is constant at about 0.03.
Axis error includes +- 5/5 contribution (SYS-ERR DUE MAINLY TO UNCERTAINTY IN KNOWLEDGE OF ABSOLUTE VALUE OF TARGET POLARIZATION).
The polarization parameter has been measured for π − p elastic scattering in the backward region at 3.5 GeV/ c incident momentum. The experimental set-up consisted of a polarized target in a spectrometer magnet, hodoscopes and wire spark chambers. Data are presented for the range −0.95< u ⩽−0.19 GeV 2 . An isospin analysis has been carried out to separate the I u = 1 2 and I u = 3 2 contributions.
BACKWARD SCATTERING.
Polarization in π − p elastic scattering, with emphasis over the backward region, has been measured at 2.93 and 3.25 GeV/ c . We observe large changes in polarization compared with existing data above and below these energies. Our data may be useful in determining the properties of resonances and in understanding baryon exchanges.
THESE DATA, TOGETHER WITH THE FORWARD SCATTERING POLARIZATION MEASUREMENTS, ARE TABULATED IN THE RECORD OF P. AUER ET AL., PRL 37, 83 (1976).
Analyzing powers of pion-proton elastic scattering have been measured at PSI with the Low Energy Pion Spectrometer LEPS as well as a novel polarized scintillator target. Angular distributions between 40 and 120 deg (c.m.) were taken at 45.2, 51.2, 57.2, 68.5, 77.2, and 87.2 MeV incoming pion kinetic energy for pi+ p scattering, and at 67.3 and 87.2 MeV for pi- p scattering. These new measurements constitute a substantial extension of the polarization data base at low energies. Predictions from phase shift analyses are compared with the experimental results, and deviations are observed at low energies.
Analyzing power for PI+ P elastic scattering at incidient kinetic energy 87.2 MeV from the data set 1.
Analyzing power for PI+ P elastic scattering at incidient kinetic energy 68.4 MeV from the data set 1.
Analyzing power for PI+ P elastic scattering at incidient kinetic energy 57.2 MeV from the data set 1.
The P parameter for π + p scattering at 236.3 MeV has been measured between 50° and 146° c.m. with very low background using a butanol polarized proton target. The resulting D phases are in fair agreement with dispersion relation values.
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Data on polarization in backward elastic π + p scattering at 2.0, 3.5 and 4.0 GeV/ c are presented. The data at 2.0 GeV/ c are compared with the result of a recent phase-shift analysis. Our data at 3.5 and 4.0 GeV/ c , and existing data above 3 GeV/ c , show no significant energy dependence of the polarization over the measured u -range. A comparison with Regge models and with results from amplitude analysis is made.
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Polarization in π−p elastic scattering, with emphasis in the region around the secondary dip and also θc.m.=90°, has been measured at 2.93 and 3.25 GeV/c. We observe an interesting sign change in this angular region.
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We have measured the polarization for elastic scattering in the reaction π−p→π−p at 2.93 and 3.25 GeV/c using a polarized proton target and multiwire proportional chambers (MWPC's) with emphasis on large-angle scattering. Events were selected by fast scintillation-counter logic. Beam trajectories were measured with four MWPC's and the scattered-particle angles were measured with one or two MWPC's; elastic events were determined by coplanarity and angle-angle correlations. The polarization is in agreement with previous measurements below |t|=2.0 (GeV/c)2, and crosses from negative to positive near the secondary dip in the differential cross section dσdt. In the backward region, an energy dependence appears with the polarization being large and negative at 2.93 GeV/c and consistent with zero at 3.25 GeV/c.
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Analyzing powers for πp elastic scattering at bombarding energies below the Δ(1232) resonance were measured at TRIUMF using the CHAOS spectrometer and a polarized spin target. This work presents π− data at six incident energies of 57, 67, 87, 98, 117, and 139 MeV, and a single π+ data set at 139 MeV. The higher energy measurements cover an angular range of 72°<~θc.m.<~180° while the lower energies were limited to 101°<~θc.m.<~180°. There is a high degree of consistency between this work and the predictions of the VPI/GWU group’s SM95 partial wave analysis.
Analysing power measurements for a 139 GeV PI+ beam (standard track).
Analysing power measurements for a 139 GeV PI- beam (standard track).
Analysing power measurements for a 117 GeV PI- beam (standard track).
The pp elastic scattering analyzing power was measured in small energy steps in the vicinity of the accelerator depolarizing resonance $\gamma G= 6 $ at 2.202 GeV.
Analysing power measurements in P P elastic scattering LEN(C=CU) is the length of CU degrader thickness used in each group.
Analysing power measurements in P P elastic scattering LEN(C=CU) is the length of CU degrader thickness used in each group.
Analysing power measurements in P P elastic scattering LEN(C=CU) is the length of CU degrader thickness used in each group.
A measurement of the polarization parameter P 0 in pp elastic scattering has been made at 24 GeV/ c over the range of momentum transfer squared 0.7 < | t | < 5.0 (GeV/ c ) 2 . The structure of P 0 has changed compared to typical lower energy data. The second peak is suppressed and a dip has appeared at | t | = 3.6 (GeV/ c ) 2 .
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We report on the first measurement of the single spin analyzing power (A_N) at sqrt(s)=200GeV, obtained by the pp2pp experiment using polarized proton beams at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). Data points were measured in the four momentum transfer t range 0.01 < |t| < 0.03 (GeV/c)^2. Our result, averaged over the whole t-interval is about one standard deviation above the calculation, which uses interference between electromagnetic spin-flip amplitude and hadronic non-flip amplitude, the source of A_N. The difference could be explained by an additional contribution of a hadronic spin-flip amplitude to A_N.
The single spin analyzing power for 3 T intervals.
We have measured the asymmetry of elastic pp scattering at small scattering angles (30–100 mrad) in the Coulomb-nuclear interference region, using the polarized proton beam of Saturne II, a segmented scintillator active target, and two telescopes of multiwire proportional chambers. Results are given at four energies — 940, 1000, 1320 and 2440 MeV-and are compared with phase-shift calculations.
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Data on the polarization parameter in pp elastic scattering in the | t |-range from ∼0.1 to ∼ 2.9 (GeV/ c ) 2 and at 10, 14 and 17.5 GeV/ c are presented.
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Results on polarization in π − p and π + p forward elastic scattering at 10, 14 and 17.5 GeV/ c are presented.
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The pp analyzing power was measured using the SATURNE II polarized proton beam and the Saclay frozen spin polarized target. The measurements at 0.88 and 1.1 GeV were carried out in the angular region θ CM from 28° to ≅50° and complete our previous measurements from 45 ° to 90°. Above 1.1 GeV the measurements presented here cover both regions, extending from θ CM = 28° (at the lower energies) or θ CM = 18° (at the higher energies) to θ CM > 90°. The shape of the angular distribution A oono ( pp ) = ƒ(θ CM ) changes considerably with increasing energy. The new data show the onset of a characteristic t -dependence of the analyzing power, with a minimum at − t ≅ 1.0 (GeV/ c ) 2 followed by a second maximum at − t ≅ 1.5 (GeV/ c ) 2 . This structure is present at all energies, from kinematic threshold to 200 GeV.
Errors are statistical plus random-like instrumental uncertainties. Results using polarised target.
Errors are statistical plus random-like instrumental uncertainties. Results using polarised target.
Errors are statistical plus random-like instrumental uncertainties. Results using polarised target.
The polarization in p-Be and p-p scattering has been measured by counter techniques at a proton kinetic energy of 1.74 GeV. The maximum polarization in p-Be scattering was found to beP max==0.19±0.04 and occurs at an angleθ max⩾3.5°. Inelastic scatters were rejected when the inelastic momentum loss was more than about 1% in the first scatter (magnetic analysis) or more than about 5% in the second scatter (Čerenkov threshold counter). The maximum polarization in p-p scattering isP max=0.30±0.09 and occurs at an angle 35°<θ max<<55° (c.m.). The angular dependence of the polarization is consistent with a distribution proportional to sin 2θ within large statistical errors. Optical model calculations applied to the data on p-Be scattering yield an almost all imaginary central potential of about 43 MeV and a spin-orbit potential of between 0.9 MeV and 2.0 MeV which is also almost all imaginary, in contrast with the predominantly real spin-orbit potential needed to explain the large polarization in the region of several hundred MeV.
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First data are presented for the polarized-target asymmetry in the reaction π+p→π+pγ at an incident pion energy of 298 MeV. The geometry was chosen to maximize the sensitivity to the radiation of the magnetic dipole moment μΔ of the Δ++(1232 MeV). A fit of the asymmetry in the cross section d5σ/dΩπ dΩγ dk as a function of the photon energy k to predictions from a recent isobar-model calculation with μΔ as the only free parameter yields μΔ=1.64(±0.19expΔ,±0.14 theor)μp. Though this value agrees with bag-model corrections to the SU(6) prediction μΔ=2μp, further clarifications on the model dependence of the result are needed, in particular since the isobar model fails to describe both the cross section and the asymmetry at the highest photon energies.
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The analyzing power A N of proton-proton, proton-hydrocarbon, and antiproton-hydrocarbon, scattering in the Coulomb-nuclear interference region has been measured using thhe 185 GeV/ c Fermilab polarized-proton and -antiproton beams. The results are found to be consistent with theoretical predictions within statistical uncertainties.
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We have measured the spin-spin correlation parameter CNN at 2, 3, 4, and 6 GeV/c over the |t| range of 0.1 to 2.0 (GeV/c)2 and have observed a striking energy and |t| dependence in CNN. Polarization data were simultaneously collected and are compared to previous results.
CNN PARAMETER MEASURED.
Accelerating polarized protons to 22 GeV/c at the Brookhaven Alternating Gradient Synchro- tron required both extensive hardware modifications and a difficult commissioning process. We had to overcome 45 strong depolarizing resonances to maintain polarization up to 22 GeV/c in this strong-focusing synchrotron. At 18.5 GeV/c we measured the analyzing power A and the spin-spin correlation parameter Ann in large- P⊥2 proton-proton elastic scattering, using the polarized proton beam and a polarized proton target. We also obtained a high-precision measurement of A at P⊥2=0.3 (GeV/c)2 at 13.3 GeV/c. At 18.5 GeV/c we found that Ann=(-2±16)% at P⊥2=4.7 (GeV/c)2, where it was about 60% near 12 GeV at the Argonne Zero Gradient Synchrotron. This sharp change suggests that spin-spin forces may have a strong and unexpected energy dependence at high P⊥2.
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2.2 GeV point taken from Brown et al., PR D31(85) 3017.
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Recent data are presented on spin-spin correlation parameters CLL=(L,L;0,0) and CSL=(S,L;0,0) at forward angles from 1.18 to 2.47 GeV/c incident momenta in proton-proton elastic scattering. Values for ΔσL (inelastic) are derived and are shown to disagree with predictions of theoretical models attempting to describe p−p scattering without dibaryon resonances. Finally, the CLL and CSL data discriminate among various phase-shift solutions, and will lead to a clarification of the p−p phase shifts.
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We report measured values of the asymmetry in the elastic scattering of K+ mesons from polarized protons. The data were obtained at fourteen incident K+ momenta from 1.33 to 2.58 GeVc; the approximate angular range covered was −0.85<cosθKc.m.<0.9. We compare our results with other available measurements and note several significant differences.
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The energy dependence of the spin-parallel and spin-antiparallel cross sections for p↑+p↑→p+p at 90°c.m. was measured for beam momenta between 6 and 12.75 GeV/c. The ratio (dσdt)parallel:(dσdt)antiparallel at 90° is about 1.2 up to 8 GeV/c and then increases rapidly to a value of almost 4 near 11 GeV/c. Our data indicate that this ratio may depend only on the variable P⊥2, and suggests that the ratio may reach a limiting value of about 4 for large P⊥2.
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Toward the goal of experimentally determining pp elastic scattering amplitudes at 6 GeV/c, we have measured a linear combination of triple-spin correlation parameters and also a linear combination of spintransfer parameters over the |t| range between 0.2 and 1.0 (GeV/c)2. A horizontally polarized beam (S direction) was obtained by precessing the spin of the polarized beam from the Argonne Zero Gradient Synchrotron using a superconducting solenoid. The target protons were polarized vertically (N direction) and the polarization of the recoil protons was measured with a carbon polarimeter. The results are consistent with the amplitude corresponding to π exchange being almost real and positive.
KSS = (S00S) AND HSNS = (SN0S) MEASURED HERE CONTAIN SMALL ADMIXTURES OF THE OTHER SPIN-TRANSFER AND TRIPLE-SPIN CORRELATION PARAMETERS RESPECTIVELY DUE TO THE POLARIZED TARGET MAGNETIC FIELD - SEE TEXT. MEAN VALUE OF HSNS OVER THIS T-RANGE IS 0.098 +- 0.085. PARITY CONSERVATION REQUIRES THE VANISHING OF THE PARAMETERS KSN, HSNN, (000S) AND DNS, WHILE (000N) MUST AGREE WITH THE SINGLE SCATTERING POLARIZATION PARAMETER (0N00).
Using the polarized-beam facility at Argonne National Laboratory and a polarized proton target, simultaneous measurements of the spin parameter P and the spin correlation term CNN were made. Data were obtained and analyzed at beam momenta of 2, 3, 4, and 6 GeV/c in the momentum-transfer-squared interval 0.1≤|t|≤2.8 (GeV/c)2. A preliminary phase-shift analysis of the 2- and 3-GeV/c data is discussed and a comparison with predictions of a particular Regge-pole model at all four energies is made.
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As part of a program to determine proton-proton elastic-scattering amplitudes, we have measured the spin-spin correlation parameter CNN at 6 GeV/c. Measurements were made over the |t| range of 0.08 to 1.4 (GeV/c)2 using a polarized beam and a polarized target at the Argonne National Laboratory Zero Gradient Synchrotron.
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The spin correlation parameter A00kk (pp) has been measured in the angular region 45°<θCM<90° at 0.719, 0.834, 0.874, 0.934, 0.995 and 1.095 GeV using the SATURNE II polarized proton beam incident on a polarized target. The parameters A00nn(pp and A00sk(pp) were measured at 0.874 in the same angular region.
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The spin correlation parameter A oonn (pp) and the analyzing power A oono (pp) have been measured in the angular region 45°< θ CM <90° at 0.834, 0.874, 0.934, 0.995 and 1.095 GeV beam kinetic energy using the SATURNE II polarized proton beam incident on the polarized proton target.
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We present the first measurements of the double spin asymmetries A_NN and A_SS at sqrt{s}=200 GeV, obtained by the pp2pp experiment using polarized proton beams at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC). The data were collected in the four momentum transfer t range 0.01<|t|<0.03 (GeV/c)^2. The measured asymmetries, which are consistent with zero, allow us to estimate upper limits on the double helicity-flip amplitudes phi_2 and phi_4 at small t as well as on the difference Delta(sigma_T) between the total cross sections for transversely polarized protons with antiparallel or parallel spin orientations.
Double spin asymmetries.
Double spin asymmetries.
T dependence of the double spin asymmetry ASS3 with statistical errors only.
Results on polarization in K − p, K + p and p̄p forward elastic scattering at 10 and 14 GeV/ c are presented.
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The spin-dependent observables N 0 s ″ kn , D 0 n 0 n and K 0 s ″ k 0 in pp elastic scattering were measured at nine energies between 0.84 and 2.1 GeV using the SATURNE II polarized proton beam and the Saclay frozen spin polarized target. The beam polarization was oriented longitudinally and the target polarization was oriented vertically. Precession of the recoil particle spin in the target holding field introduces a small contribution from other parameters. The present results for K 0 s ″ k 0 and D 0 n 0 n agree with our previous measurements of the same observables carried out in different beam and target spin configurations as well as with previously existing measurements. The observable N 0 s ″ kn had not been measured previously above 0.58 GeV. Below 1.3 GeV our data are compared with the predictions of the Saclay-Geneva phase shift analysis. The new results will considerably affect the phase shift analysis solutions and will contribute to their extension towards higher energies.
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The spin correlation parameter A ookk in pp elastic scattering was measured using the SATURNE II polarized proton beam and the Saclay frozen spin polarized target. The measurements at 0.88 and 1.1 GeV were carried out in the angular region θ CM from 28° to ⋍ 50° and complete our previous measurements from 45° to 90°. Above 1.1 GeV the measurements presented here cover both regions, extending from θ CM = 28° (at the lower energies) or θ CM = 18° (at the higher energies) to θ CM > 90°. The shape of the angular distribution A ookk (pp) = f ( θ CM ) changes considerably between in our energy region.
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The spin dependent observables N 0s n ″ k , K 0s″s0 and D 0s″0k in pp elastic scattering were measured at 11 energies between 0.84 and 2.7 GeV using the SATURNE II polarized proton beam and the Saclay frozen spin polarized target. The beam polarization was oriented in the vertical plane, the target polarization was oriented along the incident beam direction. Below 1 GeV the present data agree with previously existing measurements. Below 1.3 GeV they are compared with the predictions of the Saclay-Geneva phase shift analysis. The results will improve the phase shift analysis solutions and will contribute to their extensions towards higher energies. Together with our previous results the data allow a direct reconstruction of the pp elastic matrix over the energy region from 0.84 too 2.7 GeV.
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The spin correlation parameter A oonn for pp elastic scattering was measured at 0.88, 1.1, 1.3, 1.6, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4 and 2.7 GeV using the SATURNE II polarized proton beam and the Saclay frozen spin polarized target. At the first two energies, the new measurements at θ CM < 50° complete our previous data from 45° to 90°. Between 1.3 and 2.7 GeV the measurements were performed in two overlapping angular regions covering together the CM angles from 28° (at the lower energies) or 18° (at the highest energy) to > 90°. At all energies above 1.3 GeV the angular distribution shows a dip at fixed four-momentum transfer − t ∼ 0.90 (GeV/ c ) 2 . The value of A oonn ( θ CM = 90°) decreases from A oonn (90°) ≅ 0.57 at 0.88 GeV to A oonn (90°) ≅ 0.35 at 2.7 GeV. However, the large value found at 1.8 GeV indicates that the energy dependence is not monotonic.
Errors are statistical plus random-like instrumental uncertainties.
Errors are statistical plus random-like instrumental uncertainties.
Errors are statistical plus random-like instrumental uncertainties.
The spin correlation parameter A oosk was measured using the SATURNE II polarized proton beam and the Saclay frozen spin polarized target. The measurements at 0.88 and 1.1 GeV were carried out in the angular region θ CM from 28° to ⋍ 50°. At 0.88 GeV they complete our previous measurements from 45° to 90°. Above 1.1 GeV the measurements presented here cover both regions, extending from gq CM = 28° (at lower energies) or θ CM = 18° (at higher energies) to θ CM > 90°. The shape of the angular distribution A oosk (pp) = ƒ(θ CM ) changes considerably between 1.8 and 2.4 GeV.
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The spin correlation parameters A oosk and A ookk were measured at 0.834 and 0.995 GeV using the SATURNE II polarized proton beam and the Saclay frozen spin polarized target. The measurements were carried out in the angular region φ CM from 50° to ≃ 90°. The shape of the angular distribution A oosk (pp) = f ( θ CM ) changes rapidly from 0.8 to 1.0 GeV. The A ookk data points specify our previous measurements.
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The np and the pp analyzing powers A oono d and spin correlations A oonn d and A oosk d were measured simultaneously using the SATURNE II polarized deuteron beam at 0.744 and 0.794 GeV/nucleon. The results for the pp observables coincide with the free pp elastic scattering data. We thus can assume that also the np analyzing power A oono d and spin correlations A oonn d and A oosk d are equal to those for scattering of free polarized neutrons. The np data cover the angular region 95°⩽ θ CM ⩽122°. Our results for A oono d (np) confirm the phase-shift analysis predictions but spin correlations A oonn d (np) and A oosk d (np) have never been measured in this energy region and will considerably affect the PSA solution. Present results allow conclusions about the angular dependence near the minimum of A oono (np) and A oonn (np) in the vicinity of 0.8 GeV.
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The spin-dependent observables N 0 nkk , D 0 s ″0 k and K 0 s ″ k 0 in pp elastic scattering were measured at 11 energies between 0.84 and 2.7 GeV using the SATURNE II polarized proton beam and the Saclay frozen-spin polarized target. The beam and target polarizations were oriented longitudinally. Precession of the recoil-particle spin in the target holding field introduces small contributions from other parameters. The present data agree with the few previously existing measurements. Below 1.3 GeV our data are compared with the predictions of the Saclay-Geneva phase-shift analysis. The new results will considerably affect the phase-shift analysis solutions and will contribute to their extension towards higher energies.
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The spin-dependent observables D 0 n 0 n and K 0 nn 0 in pp elastic scattering were measured at 11 energies between 0.84 and 2.7 GeV using the SATURNE II polarized proton beam and the Saclay frozen-spin polarized target. The beam and target polarizations were oriented along the normal to the scattering plane. Below 1 GeV the present data agree with previously existing measurements. Below 1.3 GeV they are compared with the predictions of the Saclay-Geneva phase-shift analysis. The results will improve the phase-shift analysis solutions and will contribute to their extension towards higher energies.
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Measurements of polarization in π+p elastic scattering have been made at 1.60, 1.80, 2.11, and 2.31 GeVc. The data cover the entire angular range, with emphasis on the backward region. Comparisons have been made with both u-channel and t-channel models, as well as with predictions of phase-shift analyses. While the agreement is generally poor in all cases, the best agreement is with some t-channel predictions.
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