The target asymmetry T, recoil asymmetry P, and beam-target double polarization observable H were determined in exclusive $\pi ^0$ and $\eta $ photoproduction off quasi-free protons and, for the first time, off quasi-free neutrons. The experiment was performed at the electron stretcher accelerator ELSA in Bonn, Germany, with the Crystal Barrel/TAPS detector setup, using a linearly polarized photon beam and a transversely polarized deuterated butanol target. Effects from the Fermi motion of the nucleons within deuterium were removed by a full kinematic reconstruction of the final state invariant mass. A comparison of the data obtained on the proton and on the neutron provides new insight into the isospin structure of the electromagnetic excitation of the nucleon. Earlier measurements of polarization observables in the $\gamma p \rightarrow \pi ^0 p$ and $\gamma p \rightarrow \eta p$ reactions are confirmed. The data obtained on the neutron are of particular relevance for clarifying the origin of the narrow structure in the $\eta n$ system at $W = 1.68\ \textrm{GeV}$. A comparison with recent partial wave analyses favors the interpretation of this structure as arising from interference of the $S_{11}(1535)$ and $S_{11}(1650)$ resonances within the $S_{11}$-partial wave.
Target asymmetry T, recoil asymmetry P, and polarization observable H for $\gamma p \to \pi^0 p$ as a function of the polar center-of-mass angle for bins at the given centroid c.m. energies.
Target asymmetry T, recoil asymmetry P, and polarization observable H for $\gamma n \to \pi^0 n$ as a function of the polar center-of-mass angle for bins at the given centroid c.m. energies.
Target asymmetry T, recoil asymmetry P, and polarization observable H for $\gamma p \to \eta p$ as a function of the polar center-of-mass angle for bins at the given centroid c.m. energies.
Precise helicity-dependent cross sections and the double-polarization observable $E$ were measured for $\eta$ photoproduction from quasi-free protons and neutrons bound in the deuteron. The $\eta\rightarrow 2\gamma$ and $\eta\rightarrow 3\pi^0\rightarrow 6\gamma$ decay modes were used to optimize the statistical quality of the data and to estimate systematic uncertainties. The measurement used the A2 detector setup at the tagged photon beam of the electron accelerator MAMI in Mainz. A longitudinally polarized deuterated butanol target was used in combination with a circularly polarized photon beam from bremsstrahlung of a longitudinally polarized electron beam. The reaction products were detected with the electromagnetic calorimeters Crystal Ball and TAPS, which covered 98\% of the full solid angle. The results show that the narrow structure observed earlier in the unpolarized excitation function of $\eta$ photoproduction off the neutron appears only in reactions with antiparallel photon and nucleon spin ($\sigma_{1/2}$). It is absent for reactions with parallel spin orientation ($\sigma_{3/2}$) and thus very probably related to partial waves with total spin 1/2. The behavior of the angular distributions of the helicity-dependent cross sections was analyzed by fitting them with Legendre polynomials. The results are in good agreement with a model from the Bonn-Gatchina group, which uses an interference of $P_{11}$ and $S_{11}$ partial waves to explain the narrow structure.
Diff. cross section for helicity-1/2 at W= 1.505 GeV
Diff. cross section for helicity-1/2 at W= 1.515 GeV
Diff. cross section for helicity-1/2 at W= 1.525 GeV
We present new data for the transverse target asymmetry T and the very first data for the beam-target asymmetry F in the $\vec \gamma \vec p\to\eta p$ reaction up to a center-of-mass energy of W=1.9 GeV. The data were obtained with the Crystal-Ball/TAPS detector setup at the Glasgow tagged photon facility of the Mainz Microtron MAMI. All existing model predictions fail to reproduce the new data indicating a significant impact on our understanding of the underlying dynamics of $\eta$ meson photoproduction. The peculiar nodal structure observed in existing T data close to threshold is not confirmed.
Target asymmetry T for c.m. energy W= 1.4969 GeV
Target asymmetry T for c.m. energy W= 1.5156 GeV
Target asymmetry T for c.m. energy W= 1.5341 GeV
The γp→π0p reaction was studied at laboratory photon energies from 425 to 1445 MeV with a transversely polarized target and a longitudinally polarized beam. The beam-target asymmetry F was measured for the first time and new high precision data for the target asymmetry T were obtained. The experiment was performed at the photon tagging facility of the Mainz Microtron (MAMI) using the Crystal Ball and TAPS photon spectrometers. The polarized cross sections were expanded in terms of associated Legendre functions and compared to recent predictions from several partial-wave analyses. The impact of the new data on our understanding of the underlying partial-wave amplitudes and baryon resonance contributions is discussed.
Target asymmetry T for c.m. energy W= 1.3062 GeV
Target asymmetry T for c.m. energy W= 1.3275 GeV
Target asymmetry T for c.m. energy W= 1.3486 GeV
A measurement of the double-polarization observable $E$ for the reaction $\gamma p\to \pi^0 p$ is reported. The data were taken with the CBELSA/TAPS experiment at the ELSA facility in Bonn using the Bonn frozen-spin butanol (C$_4$H$_9$OH) target, which provided longitudinally-polarized protons. Circularly-polarized photons were produced via bremsstrahlung of longitudinally-polarized electrons. The data cover the photon energy range from $E_\gamma =600$~MeV to $E_\gamma =2310$~MeV and nearly the complete angular range. The results are compared to and have been included in recent partial wave analyses.
Double-polarization observable E for different beam energies from 600 to 2310 MeV
Cross section asymmetries for the sum of single π + and π - production with polarized photons of 3.4 GeV have been measured. The results disagree with calculations based on the vector dominance model using experimental data of vector meson production in π beams.
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Compton scattering from the proton was investigated at s=6.9 (GeV/c)**2 and \t=-4.0 (GeV/c)**2 via polarization transfer from circularly polarized incident photons. The longitudinal and transverse components of the recoil proton polarization were measured. The results are in excellent agreement with a prediction based on a reaction mechanism in which the photon interacts with a single quark carrying the spin of the proton and in disagreement with a prediction of pQCD based on a two-gluon exchange mechanism.
Polarization transfer parameters.
Spin transfer from circularly polarized real photons to recoiling hyperons has been measured for the reactions $\vec\gamma + p \to K^+ + \vec\Lambda$ and $\vec\gamma + p \to K^+ + \vec\Sigma^0$. The data were obtained using the CLAS detector at Jefferson Lab for center-of-mass energies $W$ between 1.6 and 2.53 GeV, and for $-0.85<\cos\theta_{K^+}^{c.m.}< +0.95$. For the $\Lambda$, the polarization transfer coefficient along the photon momentum axis, $C_z$, was found to be near unity for a wide range of energy and kaon production angles. The associated transverse polarization coefficient, $C_x$, is smaller than $C_z$ by a roughly constant difference of unity. Most significantly, the {\it total} $\Lambda$ polarization vector, including the induced polarization $P$, has magnitude consistent with unity at all measured energies and production angles when the beam is fully polarized. For the $\Sigma^0$ this simple phenomenology does not hold. All existing hadrodynamic models are in poor agreement with these results.
Coefficients Cx and Cz for the reaction GAMMA P --> K+ LAMBDA for incident energy = 1.032 GeV and W = 1.679 GeV.
Coefficients Cx and Cz for the reaction GAMMA P --> K+ LAMBDA for incident energy = 1.132 GeV and W = 1.734 GeV.
Coefficients Cx and Cz for the reaction GAMMA P --> K+ LAMBDA for incident energy = 1.232 GeV and W = 1.787 GeV.
The spin asymmetry in deep inelastic scattering of longitudinally polarised muons by longitudinally polarised protons has been measured in the range 0.01<×<0.7. The spin dependent structure function g 1 ( x ) for the proton has been determined and, combining the data with earlier SLAC measurements, its integral over x found to be 0.126±0.010(stat.)±0.015(syst.), in disagreement with the Ellis-Jaffe sum rule. Assuming the validity of the Biorken sum rule, this result implies a significant negative value for the integral of g 1 for the neutron. These integrals lead to the conclusion, in the naïve quark parton model, that the total quark spin constitutes a rather small fraction of the spin of the nucleon. Results are also presented on the asymmetries in inclusive hadron production which are consistent with the above picture.
THE MEAN Q**2 FOR EACH OF THE 10 VALUES OF X BELOW ARE 3.5,4.5,6.0, 8.010.3,12.9,15.2,18.0,22.5,29.5.
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Axis error includes +- 0.0/0.0 contribution (?////ERROR IN POLARIZATION OF INITIAL GAMMAS IS NOT GIVEN).
Measurement of secondary-proton polarization from the reaction γ p → π 0 p have been performed in the proton energy range 500–800 MeV at c.m. pion emission angles 100°, 120°, 140°. The experiment was carried out using an optical spark chamber telescope at the output of the magnetic spectrometer. The obtained experimental data are included in a Walker-type analysis in order to verify the parameters of the resonances P 11 (1470), D 13 (1570) and S 11 (1535). Proton polarization in the reaction γ p → π 0 p was measured for a photon energy of 450 MeV at a c.m. pion emission angle of 105° using photons linearly polarized at 45° to the reaction plane. A liquid hydrogen target in the field of a superconducting magnet was used for the separation of the P x ′ and P z ′ components of the secondary-proton polarization vector.
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SEE ABBREVIATIONS IN CR.
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The first measurements are reported of the asymmetry in resonance-region scattering of longitudinally polarized electrons by longitudinally polarized protons. Data have been obtained at Q2=0.5 and 1.5 (GeV/c)2 in the missing-mass range W=1.1−1.9 GeV. Results are compatible with a multipole analysis of single-pion electroproduction. The spin-dependent behavior is consistent with a duality mechanism as in the unpolarized case.
ELECTRON ASYMMETRY AT Q**2 ABOUT 0.5 GEV**2.
ELECTRON ASYMMETRY AT Q**2 ABOUT 1.5 GEV**2.
PHOTON ASYMMETRY AT Q**2 ABOUT 0.5 GEV**2.
Measurements have been made of the double polarisation parameters G and H in the photoproduction of neutral pions from protons, for incident photon energies between 1300 MeV and 2300 MeV and for pion c.m. angles between 50δ and 80δ. The results are compared with predictions from a recent comprehensive analysis of earlier photoproduction data.
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Measurements have been made of the polarisation parameters G and H for the process γ p→ π + n in the photon energy range 600–1875 MeV and pion c.m. angles between 30° and 100°. These data were obtained in a double polarisation experiment, in which the polarised photon beam from the Daresbury electron synchrotron was incident upon a polarised proton target. Theoretical predictions from a current analysis are compared with the data.
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The asymmetry A = (σ + −σ − ) (σ + +σ − ) of the reaction γ p↑↓ → π 0 p was measured at the Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg at a mean photon energy of 4.0 GeV in the four-momentum transfer range 0.2 (GeV/ c ) 2 ⩽ −t ⩽ 1.1 (GeV/ c ) 2 in steps of approximately 0.08 (GeV/ c ) 2 . The π 0 -meson and the proton were detected in coincidence. The asymmetry is compatible with zero in the t -range 0.2 (GeV/ c ) 2 ⩽ − t ⩽ 0.4 (GeV/ c ) 2 and negative in the t -range ⩾ 0.5 (GeV/ c ) 2 .
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We report on the measurement of asymmetries in the single-pion photoproduction reactions γp→nπ+, γp→pπ0, and γn→pπ−, induced by linearly polarized photons of energies from 610 to 940 MeV. The experiment was carried out using the back-scattered laser beam and the 82-in. dubble chamber at SLAC. We compare the new data with predictions from a partial-wave analysis.
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The polarized target asymmetry in the reaction γp→π°p has been measured at c.m. angles around 100° for photon energies between 0.4 and 1.0 GeV by detecting both the recoil proton and the π°. The result is compared with recent analyses.
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The cross section for photoproduction of π0 mesons was measured at a photon energy of 3 GeV and squared four-momentum transfer (t) of -0.1 to -1.2 (GeV/c)2 using plane-polarized photons. The asymmetry was found to be consistent with +1.0 for t values above -0.4 and below -1.1. For −0.4<~t<~−1.0 there is a dip in the asymmetry and at t=−0.6 it drops to 0.55 ± 0.15. This result precludes a simple Regge model with ω0 and B; a theoretical description requires Regge cuts or an ω′ exchange.
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MIT PREP (1967).
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